Microbursts Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Microbursts - Research Paper Example Microbursts can cause production of high speed winds (about 100 mph or more), which last for about 5 to 20 minutes and have proven to be both damaging and destructive, especially to the airplanes. The microbursts are formed when falling rain drops mix with dry air and are evaporated, cooling the air above it as a consequence. As per theory, when air is cooled it sinks. Rapid cooling of air causes it to accelerate towards the ground and spread out and cause the diverging of wind patterns. Heavy rain and snow are also a source of microburst formation. Two types of microbursts are found: dry microburst and wet microbursts. The main difference between them is that the dry ones are formed by virga while the wet ones are formed by wet precipitation. (Caracena, 1990) To comprehend the concept of dry microburst, an understanding of what vigra is important. Basically, virga is that part of rain or snow that falls from the cloud but is evaporated before it reaches the ground. (Glickman, 2000) the evaporated vapor then carries out by the whole process described above. The most significant source of dry microburst are thunderstorms, which produce small amount of surface rainfall and hence, large amounts of vigra. On the other hand, wet microbursts majorly involve heavy rainfalls or snowfalls occurring at warm surfaces. (Fujita, 1985) The difference in the temperatures of the precipitation and the surface causes air currents to accelerate downwards and thus form the wet microbursts. In this case, important source is hail. Dry microbursts occur without precipitation, they are harder to predict or foresee and thus, are a far more potential threat to aircrafts than the wet. The large magnitude and unexpected nature of a microburst has resulted in a number of air crashes throughout history, more of which have occurred while landing. We read earlier that microbursts tend to spread out in all directions once they hit the ground. During landing, a plane is flying at a low

Role of Marketing Essay Example for Free

Role of Marketing Essay 1. The Body Shop organises its own fair trade programme called Community Trade to promote fair trade with its ingredient suppliers who are mainly from developing countries. By buying ingredients from these suppliers, the Body Shop helps them earn more income. Ultimately, people working for these suppliers are also expected to have better pay. This would help improve the living standards of people in developing countries. 2The Body Shop Foundation improves the well-being of people in society by providing funding for non-governmental organisations working in such areas as human rights and environmental protection. These areas are essential for the well-being of people. 3Yes. The Body Shop’s Against Animal Testing policy benefits society because it offers other species a better chance to survive. One of the key factors in preserving our society’s well-being is maintaining an ecological balance between humans and non-human creatures. The large number of animals used for testing may lead to the extinction of species and eventually affect the ecological balance. What the Body Shop is doing is trying to reverse the imbalance, and consequently this will benefit society. 4The Body Shop finds the highest quality ingredients and transforms them into innovative products. It then markets and prices its products fairly. Thus, customers can enjoy a wide diversity of new, high-quality products. They can also afford to buy these products for a reasonable price. (As the Body Shop’s products are made of natural instead of artificial ingredients, they are also expected to be safer for customers. This improves the well-being of its customers.) 5By practising a societal marketing concept, the Body Shop gains the trust and loyalty of its customers. It can also gain goodwill from the general public. In the long run, this would lead to increased sales and profits.

Roman Empire :: essays research papers

What caused the fall of the Western Roman Empire?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The fall of the Western Roman Empire is a very extensive topic because there were a multitude of continuous events that led to the demise of one of the world’s most legendary empires. Although there are many theories to the downfall of the Western Roman Empire the main cause was the internal corruption of the Empire and then the closely followed invasions on an internally weakened society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Through out the years historians have been examining every detail about the Western Roman Empire and most come to the conclusion that many things led to the decline and decay of the grand empire. One of the many things was that being in the political spotlight was very risky and often times political figures and emperors met their death because of bands of people who didn’t like what they were doing. An additional thing that fueled the decay of the empire was the epidemics. Diseases like the plague would wipe out mass populations of people. Equally important was that the Western Roman Empire was of such colossal size that it had a hard time connecting its people. Along with having such an expansive Empire came the issue of excluding people in political matters (document 1).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An additional issue that aided the demise was the economic factors, not all historians believed that all the factors were just morally and culturally based. Slavery is one the biggest economic factors that â€Å"shot the empire in the foot†. Slavery is what kept the rich from the poor. The rich that established latifundia (gigantic profitable estates) got richer and the peasant farmers couldn’t stay with the competition and either had to join up as a sharecropper or move to the city, which added to the unemployment (Document 3) (by peasants moving to the city the cities get increasingly crowded and epidemics spring up more often). An additional aspect that guided the Western Roman Empire to its grave was its army. The Roman Empires army turned into German mercenaries (Document 5). The mercenaries cost a lot of money because they had to guard the Empires vast boarders.

Human Trafficking Essay

Known as the â€Å"invisibles† or â€Å"modern-day slaves†, the human trafficking trade is the fastest growing criminal trade in the U.S. and one of the most profitable industries in the world. It is global in nature, existing throughout the world, with traffickers coercing men, women and children of all races and circumstances. Approximately 800,000 to 900,000 victims are trafficked every year of which 100,000 are reportedly children sold into the sex trade. The United States is estimated to have 200,000 slaves, living in our cities seemingly pursuing the American dream. It is easy to understand why this trade is growing so rapidly if you look at our basic human nature and market conditions. Traffikers coerce their victims by promising them whatever they desire – be it, a trip to the US, education for their kids, an escape from their families. In return, the victims are placed into servitude as household domestics, escorts, or laborers at small businesses. Victims are the cheap labor needed to drive the market and the traffickers are the owners making all the payments and profits. Sometimes the most innocent of situations can lead into this trade. One of the stories from the National Human Trafficking Resource Center hotline tells how a girl, sixteen years old, met a man at her local mall who offered her a job at a restaurant. This seems like a plausible occurrence right? Well, it wasn’t. Instead of waiting tables and taking orders, she was forced to sell sex in a hotel room. So, what can I do as an average American teen presumably untouched by this horrible slavery? After all, I am very aware of stranger dangers and I don’t live in a third world country. Well. there are many easy ways to make an impact. You can encourage local newspapers, magazines and television  stations to focus on this topic. You can go and volunteer with organizations trying to impose stiffer penalties on traffikers. It’s even as easy as keeping an eye out in your everyday life – it exists all around us, open your eyes and ask yourself†¦what is wrong with this picture? Maybe the best advice I can give is to look at this from our Catholic values perspective – where is my compassion for people in need and the courage to challenge unfair practices. What does it say about me as a human if I allow a ten year old girl to work in a brothel? And what about Maria, the maid next door, who never leaves the house and works till 10 every night, does she not deserve the same freedoms as I? Yes, it is probably easier to ignore or choose not to engage, but where does that leave our humanity? To really abolish these practices, we have to care and question and be accountable. Human trafficking is wrong and we as the future generation of America need to step up and make a difference. People are not for sale. http://www.gracehavenhouse.org/how-to-help/24-fight-human-trafficking/

Old Testament-Writings Essay

Our world today has many books within reach, both fiction and nonfiction. However, does a person fully understand what the author is trying to convey in their meaning and message to the audience? The same goes with the Bible, particularly, Lamentations, which is found in the Old Testament Scriptures. An individual has to understand where the book originated from, and what each chapter implies as well as what message the author was trying to convey then and now. Origin Title The word Lamentations means to weep, and the sorrow, which was caused â€Å"by the destruction of the city of Jerusalem by the Babylonian army in 587. † (Reyburn, 1992). Authorship According to tradition, many believe that Jeremiah wrote Lamentations, which include the church father, despite his name not located anywhere in the text. A couple of witnesses are also the Septuagint and Vulgate. Some more evidence is displayed in 2 Chronicles 35:25; consequently, it refers to King Josiah’s death. Since he greatly loved Jerusalem and the people, this shows that he is quite qualified to write the book (Keil, Delitzsch and Wiesmann, 1956). Date Jeremiah most likely was the author (Goldingay, 2003). He most likely saw Jerusalem’s destruction due to eyewitnessing and lamenting over it. â€Å"There is almost universal agreement that the book was written soon after 587 B. C. , while the events were still vivid in the author’s memory. Attempts to prove that Jeremiah wrote Lamentations prophetically after King Josiah’s death in 609 have no merit (Rudolph, 1962). Some unconvincing evidence is when others have attempted to date the book many years later, especially during the Maccabean period (Rudolph, 1962). Background of the Book. One name appears in Lamentations, and that is Edom, which is found in 4:22. However, when the Chaldeans overthrew Jerusalem and made them fall in 586 B. C. , this is what brought about the book of Lamentations. 2 Kings 25 is a connection that cannot give about any other conclusions. The siege that lasted for eighteen months brought about terrible suffering, but spiritually, they lost Zion as well the Temple, which also made it devastating psychologically (Smith, 1992). Theme of the Book. Lamentations has four laments from chapters one to four as well one prayer that is noted in chapter five, which is intended to help the audience understand how the people felt once Jerusalem fell. The writer basically shared his experience with the people by not using much imagination in the process. In general, this book contains a detailed description of what occurred nationally in regards to suffering (Smith, 1992). Structure of the Book Lamentations consists of five poems. Each poem is unique because a theme â€Å"of sorrow over Jerusalem’s fall, though from different perspectives† (Gottwald, 1985). On other occasions, the grief is individual. â€Å"The funeral mood was communicated to those who first heard or read Lamentations by the dirgelike meter (Qinah meter) that characterizes much of the book† (Budde, 1883). To break it down, two lines are the simplest, but the first three are syllables as well as two for the second. When it was heard, the sound was mournful (Budde, 1883). No one can explanation with full agreement in regards to the acrostic structure with the five poems in the book. â€Å"Some think they were composed as a pedagogic device to teach schoolboys the alphabet. Some think the acrostic was intended to facilitate memorization of the poems. Some believe it reveals a belief in the magical powers of letters. Others believe the poems were deliberately structured as acrostics with a view to liturgical usage to commemorate Jerusalem’s destruction in solemn religious services† (Kraus, 1960). Historical Setting â€Å"The Babylonians’ capture of Jerusalem in 587 B. C. was not the first time the city had experienced invasion and plunder by enemies (cf. 1 Kgs 14:25–26; 2 Kgs 14:13–14; 23:33; 2 Chr 21:16–17; 2 Chr 25:22–24; 33:11)† (Hayes, 1997). However, â€Å"In 588 King Zedekiah† chose to rebel against King Nebuchadnezzar, so that Judah can have its independence. Jerusalem was taken and completely destroyed eighteen months later (Hayes, 1997). â€Å"Many of its inhabitants were put to death, enslaved, exiled, or fled to Egypt. King Zedekiah and other leaders were taken to Babylon (Jer 39:1–10; 52:29)† (Hayes, 1997). Theological Values A theological dilemma came about due to the low morale in Judah, which is more devastating than the temple’s destruction due to the catastrophe. â€Å"Human suffering always precipitates probing questions about God. The faith of many Jews must have been shattered by the events. They had believed that Jerusalem was inviolable and that God’s temple could not be destroyed because he dwelt there (cf. Jer 7:1–8)† (Gottwald, Weiser, Kraus and Moore, 1983). God would fight the battles for his people. He later delivered Jerusalem in 701 B. C. from Sennacherib as seen in 2 Kings 19 (Gottwald, Weiser, Kraus and Moore, 1983). Individuals were shocked that God did not help them, but thought in their minds that He abandoned them. Maybe a select few realized it was the Lord punishing them due to the recent events because they refused to obey the warnings from various prophets during that time, so His wrath was upon them both as a nation and for the people. For those who understood the prophets’ words, they realized that a remnant is spared, so that a nation is rebuilt as seen in Jeremiah 24:5–6; 29:10, 14 and Ezekiel 6:8–9; 11:17 (Gottwald, Weiser, Kraus and Moore, 1983). Purpose of the Book. In general, Lamentations is not the lone book found from ancient times. Several bemoans over great cities that fell were unveiled in the heart of Mesopotamia (Smith, 1992). The book of Lamentations gave the people a reason to express their pain over what had happened to them, so as to help them out psychologically. However, the poems serve to allow the Israelites could express their grief over the sorrow of what was lost nationally from a liturgical point of view (Smith, 1992). Foreshadowing â€Å"Jeremiah was known as the ‘weeping prophet’ for his deep and abiding passion for his people and their city (Lamentations 3:48-49). This same sorrow over the sins of the people and their rejection of God was expressed by Jesus as He approached Jerusalem and looked ahead to her destruction at the hands of the Romans (Luke 19:41-44). Because of the Jews’ rejection of their Messiah, God used the Roman siege to punish His people† (Book of Lamentations, 2009). The Lord does not find it joyous when He has punish His own children, but later offered Jesus as a final sacrifice for everyone’s sins (Book of Lamentations, 2009). Key Verses Three key verses are worth noting. One, Lamentations 2:17 (New International Version) says, â€Å"The LORD has done what he planned; he has fulfilled his word, which he decreed long ago. He has overthrown you without pity, he has let the enemy gloat over you, he has exalted the horn of your foes† (Book of Lamentations, 2009). The second verse is Lamentations 3:22-23 (NIV), which says that because of God’s wonderful love no one is consumed because He never fails us because they are always new and faithful (Book of Lamentations, 2009). Last is Lamentations 5:19-22 (NIV), which says, â€Å"You, O LORD, reign forever; your throne endures from generation to generation. Why do you always forget us? Why do you forsake us so long? Restore us to yourself, O LORD, that we may return; renew our days as of old unless you have utterly rejected us and are angry with us beyond measure†(Book of Lamentations, 2009). Meaning 1:1–22 The author uses lots of imagery to express the current state of Jerusalem, which is the city of Zion. â€Å"Babylon, Egypt, Edom, Moab, Ammon, Tyre, and Sidon,† and Judah was close friends with them (Hughes, 2001). The roads were now deserted as seen in 1:4. â€Å"Like Zedekiah, Israel’s leadership fled from Jerusalem (1:6; cf. Jer. 39:4–7). The siege conditions in Jerusalem were reflected in 1:11, when people exchanged their precious treasures for food. The figures of â€Å"fire† (meaning â€Å"total destruction†) and a â€Å"trap† (that is, â€Å"captivity†) describe the calamities that befell Jerusalem (1:13)† (Hughes, 2001). In the Hebrew, the word â€Å"Allies† (1:19) is easily translated to â€Å"lovers† as seen in 1:2. The author of Lamentations prayed for God to bring Babylon’s judgment on â€Å"the day†(1:21; cf. Jer. 50–51) (Hughes, 2001). 2:1–22 Zion’s sorrows came about because of judgment from the Lord. They experienced a famine as mentioned in Lamentations 2:11–12, which happened because of warfare (Hughes, 2001). â€Å"The false prophets had predicted a return to peace and prosperity (2:14; cf. Jer. 14:13). Jeering and scoffing were ancient gestures of malicious joy and contempt (Lam. 2:15). In ancient times the night was divided into three four-hour periods (2:19)† (Hughes, 2001). During each of the periods, the writer of Lamentations wanted the people to wake up, so weeping could continue. A judgment that was placed on them due to their disobedience was cannibalism through starvation of the Judeans, who lived in Jerusalem, which was prophesied in Deuteronomy 28:53 (Hughes, 2001). 3:1–66 Many personal experiences took place in the life of the author’s ministry. Much encouragement was received and consolation through reflecting on God’s faithfulness through the ages (Goldingay, 2003). The writer used hyperbole frequently, which is to exaggerate in hopes to emphasize the important points. For example, â€Å"unfailing love,† when it is translated from the Hebrew, it means â€Å"stork,† and upon breaking it down more so indicates motherly love (Hughes, 2001). 4:1–22 Jeremiah made much reflection on what he saw with his own eyes in the heart of Jerusalem, especially when the Babylonians siege in Jerusalem took place (Goldingay, 2003). â€Å"Those ‘who once lived in palaces’ (Lam. 4:5) were the wealthy. No one helped Sodom (4:6). After their true character was recognized, the false prophets and wicked priests were condemned as ‘defiled’ like lepers (4:15; cf. Lev. 13:45–46)† (Hughes, 2001). 5:1–22 Jeremiah confessed on behalf of the nation their sins, and then asked the Lord for a complete restoration. One can become confused on 5:6, when there is a reference to Assyria unless a person understands it was in reference to Babylon. At one time, the Empire inherited Assyria. â€Å"According to Jewish custom, the request of 5:21 is repeated at the conclusion of the book in order to avoid ending on an unpleasant note. But history has shown that God had certainly not rejected his people (Rom. 11:1–5)† (Hughes, 2001). Message Old Testament Application God made it clear back then that the people who lived in the heart of Judah needed to follow and obey Him. This meant that they could not worship other gods, commit adultery, covet, and so forth. These people needed to understand the depth of God’s love for them, but He made them face judgment, so that they would turn to Him, and this is seen frequently throughout the Old Testament. For example, in the book of Judges, God placed them in a cycle. This cycle consisted of a Judge would prophecy about the coming judgment, they would face judgment, and then all would turn back to God through repentance of their sin. Throughout Scripture, God never rejected anyone. He demonstrated His love for them in every book that is mentioned in the cannon. No one is perfect, but each day is a learning process to strive to live for Him, and not for the pleasures of this world. The issue back then is that the Judeans lived for what the world had to offer instead of what God has done for them, and continues to do. He deserves the glory, and not us. A similar concept is used today when it comes to God’s wrath, and for all of us to repent of our transgressions. Today’s Application The book of Lamentations applies to our setting today too. One, when people are wicked a society eventually disappears. Two, a person should not ask for a blessing that happened from the past, and continue to live in sin in the midst of it. Three, all countries of the world and churches will face judgment, if they do not remain faithful. Fourth, the Lord sticks to His Word, and make it come to pass. Fifth, many solutions are possible in the midst of suffering, but ultimately it comes down to a total faith in God (Hughes, 2001). Here are some more ways of looking at the book as well in a contemporary context. In attempting to understand what the book is trying to convey to the audience who reads it, then much can come from studying Lamentations. â€Å"First, the book can speak to any, including Christians, who feel alone or even abandoned by God. In this respect it is like those Psalms which we have called ‘laments’. It is good to give honest expression to such feelings and to know the reassurance of God’s grace in the midst of them† (Carson, 1994). Lamentations also can help the reader to identify with those around them, who are facing difficult situations. For example, our world faces daily disasters, such as wars and famines, which are constantly brought to our attention through the media on television. For us humans, all of us have the tendency to ask, â€Å"Where is God in the midst of our circumstances? † Of course, we can wonder more so, when our brothers and sisters are caught up in the chaos of it all as well, but end up sympathizing with them through identifying their pain. â€Å"The book of Lamentations enables us to express our grief, not only on our own behalf, but also on behalf of others† (Carson, 1994). Another possibility is that an individual requires discipline. Much discipline goes into writing a phenomenal book, which can help in the present. A decision that a person makes is in seriousness, so that he or she is disciplined, so that problems, which are sometimes difficult to face are dealt with at the time. God’ Word can help us by teaching us how to deal with difficult circumstances by allowing us to express our hurts that are at times too deep as well as coaching our mind and heart throughout it too (Carson, 1994). Confession is difficult for anyone, this goes for both believer and non-believer. â€Å"The people of Judah knew that their exile was due to their disobedience to the covenant made by their ancestors with God. We cannot treat all suffering in the same way. Nevertheless, here too we can identify with our ancestors in faith, by simply recognizing that human sin—in which each of us has a part—is the root cause of the world’s grief† (Carson, 1994). When someone questions, this too is an act of confession. God grants both justice and mercy while judging others. His justice does not finally issue only in judgment, but also, and decisively, in mercy (Carson, 1994). Even in terrible judgment, God is a God of hope (Lamentations 3:24-25). No matter how far we have gone from Him, we have the hope that we can return to Him and find Him compassionate and forgiving (1 John 1:9). Our God is a loving God (Lamentations 3:22), and because of His great love and compassion, He sent His Son so that we would not perish in our sins, but can live eternally with Him (John 3:16). God’s faithfulness (Lamentations 3:23) and deliverance (Lamentations 3:26) are attributes that give us great hope and comfort. He is not a disinterested, capricious god, but a God who will deliver all those who turn to Him, admit they can do nothing to earn His favor, and call upon the Lord’s mercy so that we will not be consumed (Lamentations 3:22) (Book of Lamentations, 2009). How are we to live in our current day and age? â€Å"We must live with realism, and we must live by faith† (Cameron, 1994). A person needs to look deep into themselves as well as circumstances. When an individual looks beyond what is happening in their lives, and then he or she will have faith because of what God has done for them. The church is quite sad, and God is the final judge of it all. For example, â€Å"How the gold has grown dim,† which is seen in Lamentations 4:1. However, we are disgraced as the church has become secularized, and our inheritance is given to strangers (5:2). No joy is present in our lives because it has turned into mourning. In our world, which includes the church, we will find it difficult to rejoice (Cameron, 1994). All of us seek answers to life’s questions, particularly from Psalm 137: 4, which states (NIV), â€Å"How shall we sing the Lord’s song in a foreign land†(Cameron, 1994)† When a person walks and talks with God, then he or she receives full joy in the Lord. The book of Lamentations may come across sad while reading what happened to the Judeans, but they soon realized that He wanted a relationship with them all along, so they eventually turned back to Him despite the current judgment that was upon them. In Lamentations 3:22, which says (NIV),‘The steadfast love of the Lord never ceases, his mercies never come to an end† (Cameron, 1994). To describe what it means for steadfastness, this is to indicate that the Lord is faithful with His enduring love. He is the same forever. God is wonderful to those who confess and turn to Him for their hope. We can praise God for His faithfulness from the past to the present. All of us are a testimony to His love because there is courage to face the future of whatever it is to come. He will supply our every need, and has proven it throughout history, which includes Lamentations. No need to worry because He already knows (Cameron, 1994). References Cameron, C. M. (1994). Lamentations. Retrieved February 21, 2009, from Biblestudies. org. uk: http://www. biblicalstudies. org. uk/lamentations. php Carson, D. (1994). New Bible Commentary: 21st Century Edition. 4th edition. Downers Grove: Inter-Varsity Press, 281-289. Goldingay, J. (2003). Old Testament Theology (Volume 1 ed. ). Downers Grove: Intervarsity Press, 295-305. Gottwald, N. (1985). The Hebrew Bible: A Socio-Literary Introduction. Philadelphia: Fortress. Hayes, J. a. (1988). A New Chronology for the Kings of Israel and Judah and Its Implications for Biblical History and Literature. Atlanta: John Knox. Hughes, R. B. (2001). Tyndale Concise Bible Commentary. Wheaton: Tyndale House Publishers. Keil, C. a. (1956). The Prophecies of Jeremiah. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, . Kraus, H. (1960). Klaelieder (Threni). Neukirchen: Neukirchener. Reyburn, W. D. (1992). A Handbook on Lamentations. New York: United Bible Societies. Richards, L. (1991). The Bible Readers Companion. Wheaton: Victor Books, 65-68. Rudolph, W. (1962). Das Buch Ruth, Das Hohe Lied, Die Klagelider. Gutersloh: Gutersloher Verlaghaus Gerd Mohn. Smith, J. E. (1992). The Major Prophets. Joplin: College Press, 123-134. The Book of Lamentations. (2009). Retrieved 21 February, 2009, from Gotquestions. org: http://www. gotquestions. org/Book-of-Lamentations. html

Free Essays on Piaget

Outline and critically evaluate piagets theory of cognitive development children. Jean Piaget’s (1896 - 1980) theory of cognitive development was One of the most important contributions that Piaget made, it established the fact that the cognitive development in children are not simply immature versions of that of an adult, but that they have their very own rules. Having a great influence on the studies of young children and also upon education. Cognitive is referred to as â€Å"the mental function of retaining information about a stimuli, events, images ideas etc after the original stimuli is no longer present† (Reber, 1995 p446) this is exactly what Piaget set to find out in his study in infants. In this essay I am going to describe Piagets theory in each of the four stages giving evidence for his research and also critically evaluate it. Piaget states (Gross P642) that children development is caused through biological â€Å"mental functions† development through interaction with the environment and events which occur during stages in childhood. The Childs develops schemas in order to organise experiences and to cope with new ones. This is because according to Piaget(Gross P642) we all have a biological drive to obtain balance and reasoning(equilibration) Schemas are mental organisations which represent our view of the world each unique to the specific person. An infant is born firstly with a set of schemas which then develop into ‘reflexes’. These schemas are then adapted and replaced with contracted schemas which change to adapt to there environment. For example a young infant is born with the innate biological drive off sucking a bottle to survive this is then adapted to sucking a thumb or a dummy. The infant adapts continuously in to different ways, through Assimilation (change environment to a dapt to schema) or through accommodation(change schema to adapt to environment). Piagets theory consist of four stages, an infant ... Free Essays on Piaget Free Essays on Piaget Comparison and Contrasts of Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky This essay will seek to compare and contrast Jean Piaget’s and Lev Vygotsky’s theories on cognitive development of children. Information for this essay has been derived from the classroom text and also various internet resources that will be cited at the conclusion of the essay. Jean Piaget’s and Lev Vygotsky’s are two theorist who studied childhood development in the early 1900’s Although the two never met, their theories have many commonalities, but yet also have several differences. Piaget’s and Vygotsky’s theories are widely-known and still practiced today. There are three themes that Piaget’s and Vygotsky’s theories share: challenge, readiness, and in the importance of social interaction. The best example of challenge is exemplified in Vygotsky’s concept of the zone of proximal development. ZPD can be defined as the range of tasks one cannot yet perform independently, but can perform with assistance and guidance of others. Challenge appears more discretely in Piaget’s theory, but is still present. Piaget’s theory states that children develop more sophisticated knowledge and thought processes only when they encountered phenomena they cannot completely understand. This creates what Piaget refers to as disequilibrium, a sort of mental discomfort. This prompts the child to attempt to make sense of what they have observed by replacing, reorganizing, and better integrating their schemes. This is called accommodation. Readiness is another theme that appears in both theories. Growing children are not cognitively ready for all experiences. According to Piaget, children can accommodate to new objects and events only when they can also assimilate them into their existing schemes. Thus meaning there must be an overlap of "new" and "old". Piaget also argued that children cannot learn from an experience until they have begun the trans... Free Essays on Piaget Outline and critically evaluate piagets theory of cognitive development children. Jean Piaget’s (1896 - 1980) theory of cognitive development was One of the most important contributions that Piaget made, it established the fact that the cognitive development in children are not simply immature versions of that of an adult, but that they have their very own rules. Having a great influence on the studies of young children and also upon education. Cognitive is referred to as â€Å"the mental function of retaining information about a stimuli, events, images ideas etc after the original stimuli is no longer present† (Reber, 1995 p446) this is exactly what Piaget set to find out in his study in infants. In this essay I am going to describe Piagets theory in each of the four stages giving evidence for his research and also critically evaluate it. Piaget states (Gross P642) that children development is caused through biological â€Å"mental functions† development through interaction with the environment and events which occur during stages in childhood. The Childs develops schemas in order to organise experiences and to cope with new ones. This is because according to Piaget(Gross P642) we all have a biological drive to obtain balance and reasoning(equilibration) Schemas are mental organisations which represent our view of the world each unique to the specific person. An infant is born firstly with a set of schemas which then develop into ‘reflexes’. These schemas are then adapted and replaced with contracted schemas which change to adapt to there environment. For example a young infant is born with the innate biological drive off sucking a bottle to survive this is then adapted to sucking a thumb or a dummy. The infant adapts continuously in to different ways, through Assimilation (change environment to a dapt to schema) or through accommodation(change schema to adapt to environment). Piagets theory consist of four stages, an infant ...

The Script Writing of Ancient China

The Script Writing of Ancient China Ancient China is one of the places where writing appears to have developed independently, along with Mesopotamia, which developed cuneiform, and Egypt and the civilization of the Maya, where hieroglyphs developed. The earliest examples of ancient Chinese writing come from oracle bones at Anyang, a Shang Dynasty capital, and contemporary bronze inscriptions. There may have been writing on bamboo or other perishable surfaces, but they have, inevitably, disappeared. Although Christopher I. Beckwith thinks the Chinese may have been exposed to the idea of writing from Steppe nomads, the prevalent belief is that China developed writing on its own. Since the oracle bones belonging to the Shang dynasty were discovered, it is no longer doubted by sinologists that Chinese writing is an autochthonous and very ancient invention of the Chinese....The Use of Writing in Ancient China, by Edward Erkes. Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 61, No. 3 (Sep., 1941), pp. 127-130 Origins of Chinese Writing The Cambridge History of Ancient China, by Michael Loewe and Edward L. Shaughnessy, says the likely date for the earliest oracle bones is about 1200 B.C., corresponding with the reign of King Wu Ding. This speculation is based on the earliest reference to the origins of writing, which dates to the 3rd century B.C. The legend developed that a scribe of the Yellow Emperor invented writing after noticing bird tracks. [Source: Francoise Bottero, French National Center for Scientific Research Chinese Writing: Ancient Indigenous Perspective.] Scholars in the Han Dynasty thought the earliest Chinese writing was pictographic, meaning the characters are stylized representations, while the Qing thought the first writing was of numbers. Today, the earliest Chinese writing is described as pictographic (picture) or zodiographic (graph of the name of the thing), words that for non-linguists mean similar things. As the writing of the ancient Chinese evolved, a phonetic component was added to the pi ctographic, as is true of the paired writing system of the Maya. Names of the Chinese Writing Systems Ancient Chinese writing on oracle bones is called Jiaguwen, according to AncientScripts, which describes the characters as pictographic. Dazhuan is the name of the script on Bronze. It may be the same as the Jiaguwen. By 500 B.C. the angular script that characterizes modern Chinese writing had developed in the form called Xiaozhuan. Bureaucrats of the Qin Dynasty used Lishu, a script still sometimes used. Pictographs and the Rebus During the Shang Dynasty, the writing, which was pictographic, could use the same graphic to represent homophones (words with different meanings that sound the same). Writing could be in the form of what is called a rebus. The rebus example AncientSites lists is two pictures together, one of a bee, and one of a leaf, to represent the word belief. Over time, signs known as determinative symbols were added to clarify the homophones, phonetic symbols were standardized, and symbols were put together to form new words. Chinese and the Sino-Tibetan Language Family Writing and spoken language are different. Period. The cuneiform of Mesopotamia was used to write a variety of languages, including languages from the Indo-European and Afro-Asiatic families. As the Chinese conquered their neighbors, their writing was exported to neighboring countries where it was applied to the indigenous languages. This is how the Japanese came to use Kanji. The spoken language of Chinese is thought to be a member of the Sino-Tibetan language family. This connection between Chinese and Tibetan languages is made on the basis of lexical items, rather than morphology or syntax. However, the similar words are only reconstructions of Old and Middle Chinese. Ancient Chinese Writing Implements According to Erkes (above), the usual objects used in writing were a wooden stylus, to write on wood with lacquer, and the brush and ink (or some other liquid) used to write on oracle bones and other surfaces. Inscriptions also produced Chinese scripts by means of tools that removed rather than wrote on surface material. Suggested Appreciation Activities for Chinese Writing Ancient writings seem so much more artistic than modern computer-generated script or the scrawls most of us now use when we need to leave a handwritten note. To appreciate the elegance of the ancient Chinese writing system, observe and try to emulate it: Try writing letters with a brush and ink.Compare the characters in a column of Chinese writing with Japanese Kanji preferably for the same text (possibly something connected with their shared religion of Buddhism)Look at old Chinese characters and rewrite them, then copy them without the determinatives. (The AncientScripts site has samples to work from.)

Definition and Examples of Gas in Chemistry

Definition and Examples of Gas in Chemistry A gas is defined as a state of matter consisting of particles that have neither a defined volume nor defined shape. It is one of the four fundamental states of matter, along with solids, liquids, and plasma. Under ordinary conditions, the gas state is between the liquid and plasma states. A gas may consist of atoms of one element (e.g., H2, Ar) or of compounds (e.g., HCl, CO2) or mixtures (e.g., air, natural gas). Examples of Gases Whether or not a substance is a gas depends on its temperature and pressure. Examples of gases at standard temperature and pressure include: air (a mixture of gases)chlorine at room temperature and pressureozoneoxygenhydrogenwater vapor or steam List of the Elemental Gases There are 11 elemental gases (12 if you count ozone). Five are homonuclear molecules, while six are monatomic: H2 - hydrogenN2 - nitrogenO2 - oxygen (plus O3 is ozone)F2 - fluorineCl2 - chlorineHe - heliumNe - neonAr - argonKr - kryptonXe - xenonRn - radon Except for hydrogen, which is at the top left side of the periodic table, elemental gases are on the right side of the table. Properties of Gases Particles in a gas are widely separated from each other. At low temperature and ordinary pressure, they resemble an ideal gas in which the interaction between the particles is negligible and collisions between them are completely elastic. At higher pressures, intermolecular bonds between gas particles have a greater effect on the properties. Because of the space between atoms or molecules, most gases are transparent. A few are faintly colored, such as chlorine and fluorine. Gases tend not to react as much as other states of matter to electric and gravitational fields. Compared with liquids and solids, gases have low viscosity and low density. Origin of the Word Gas The word gas was coined by 17th-century Flemish chemist J.B. van Helmont. There are two theories about the origin of the word. One is that it is Helmonts phonetic transcription of the Greek word Chaos, with the g in Dutch pronounced like the ch in chaos. Paracelsuss alchemical use of chaos referred to rarified water. The other theory is that van Helmont took the word from geist or gahst, which means spirit or ghost. Gas vs Plasma A gas may contain electrically charged atoms or molecules called ions. In fact, its common for regions of a gas to contain random, transient charged regions because of van der Waals forces. Ions of like charge repel each other, while ions of opposite charge attract each other. If the fluid consists entirely of charged particles or if the particles are permanently charged, the state of matter is a plasma rather than a gas.

Change Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Change Management - Essay Example Learning in an organization can be done using two approaches: Firstly, learning with regard to individuals within the organization. Here, efforts are directed towards increasing the employee’s capacity in terms of skill acquisition, knowledge and experiences to perform their individual tasks and responsibilities. Secondly, by creating a learning organization in which the collective state of the organization is continuously improved to achieve optimal objectives. The need for creating a learning organization arises from the fact that it is imperative not only for the firm to set its objectives and visions but that the whole membership of the organization should act in unison as opposed to individual brilliance (O Keeffe, 2002). The following discussion identifies the principles of learning followed by a subsequent analysis of the merits and demerits of introducing learning to an already established organization. In the first approach, the objective is to introduce transformative learning; one that surpasses the mere acquisition of knowledge and skills to one that provides the individual with the ability to think rationally for themselves, creating a high level in the ability of the person to emancipate themselves from â€Å"mob thinking† and as such think independently and consciously about any prevailing scenario. There are several tenets or principles of learning. A summary discussion on some of these principles is as follows: All human beings are born with an inherent ability to increase their capacity. They have the potential to think, do and feel. Acting by doing refers to the ability to interact with the external world while acting by thinking is the ability to engage one’s processes in the mind and soul. The potential to feel refers to one’s ability to interact and connect with other people, places and events. This forms the first and most important principle of learning. Secondly, human being

Management - London 2012 Olympics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Management - London 2012 Olympics - Essay Example According to IOC the government is not allowed to take part in any of the games. Thus the Olympic Deliver Authority (ODA) was created to look after the functioning of the games. The Olympic board is shared by the Mayor of London and the minister for Olympics. The board is a strategic body takes make decision for the betterment of the game (Bloyce & Smith, 2009, p.169) LOCOG had a plan to build the best organisation for the Olympics 2012 and leave an everlasting economic, cultural and sporting legacy. But creating a structure for an event like Olympic is not an easy task. LOCOG created an organisation that was able to deliver the largest most complex sporting event and that also without a blueprint. While designing the committee, LOCOG took help of the previous games but till date nothing has been so unique with the country’s culture, legacy from the games and the level of involvement of the governments and the stakeholders. There is an estimate of staff accounting to 3000 peop le who would be supported by 70000 volunteers and about 100000 contractors (Deloitte, 2010). In a nutshell London Olympics constitute of British Olympic Association (BOA) who works with governing bodies and selects teams; The Department for culture media and sports are the departments which are of importance in the 2012 Olympics; the London Organising Committee for the Olympic Games (LOCOG); and finally the Olympic Delivery Authority (ODA) who is responsible for the venues and infrastructure (London Olympic 2012, 2012). Figure 1: Organisational structure for London 2012 Olympics (Source: ICE, 2011, p.6) The ODA which stands for Olympic Delivery Authority is an organisational body which was established by the LOCOG, London Olympic Games and Paralympics Games Act of 2006. Therefore the mission of ODA is to look after the venues, infrastructure, facilities and transportation for the Olympic game. The ODA was responsible for the success of the organisation with time, cost and purpose. T his body is solely responsible for the success of the Olympics 2012. In order to deliver an effective management program it was essential for ODA to appoint a partner. Thus the delivery partner was made responsible for the smooth run of the event. The internal organisational structure of ODA is as follows: Figure 2: Organisational Structure of ODA (Source: Olympic Delivery Authority, 2007, p.3) The benefit of such an organisational structure where the ODA is involved, is that the committee is further divided into four sections, Assurance, project construction, program operation and administrative. The structure is designed so as to provide a suitable fit to the ODA. The committee has appointed a delivery partner from the private sector the consortium CLM which comprises of CH2M Hill and Laing O’Rourke along with Mace to carry out the role of private partner. The advantage of appointing a private partner was that ODA was able to provide a larger skill from the organisations wh ich make up the CLM. As seen in the diagram, the five departments had different set of bodies regulating so to bring in the desired result. The ODA aims to provide its progress to the Olympic Board. The ODA also requires seeking advice for projects which crosses above its prescribed budget which is 20 million pounds. The duties and powers of ODA are defined by the London 2012 Olympi

Reflective report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Reflective report - Essay Example Postoperative anxiety is to be expected for these patients, and nurses and other health practitioners within the surgical ward are tasked with educating the patient about the surgery, providing emotional support, and reducing the emotional impact of the surgical procedure. Some of the other patients in the surgical ward are also undergoing postoperative care. Postoperative care for these patients include pain management, monitoring of vital signs, monitoring for bleeding, and monitoring for infection. In the case of the patient subject of this reflection, the patient is a 55 year old female patient who has recently undergone thyroidectomy. She is married, with 3 children, and has worked as a school teacher for 35 years. Six months ago she first noticed that there was a lump at her throat area. She ignored it at first, but four months prior to the surgery, the lump seemed to get bigger. Upon seeking medical consult, she was diagnosed with hyperthyroidism. This caused her goitre. After a month of treatment, her goitre continued to enlarge. Hence the thyroidectomy was scheduled. Post-operative pain medications were ordered for the patient by his attending surgeon. In this case, the controlled drug morphine was ordered. The patient registered pain levels on the scale of 1-10 (with 10 being the most severe) at 9/10. The pain was localized at the incision site at her throat area and she described it as a throbbing and persistent pain. She also registered pain when she would move. The administration of the morphine managed to reduce the pain levels to 3/10. Additional pain management included guided imagery where the patient was asked to picture pleasant scenarios as a means of distracting herself from the pain that she was feeling. I also checked the incision site for signs of bleeding and infection. I also monitored her blood pressure and vital signs. Her blood pressure as well as vital signs remained within normal levels within the postoperative period. The adminis tration of the morphine Oramorph SR was orally through a tablet every 12 hours. Based on hospital policy, no more than 2 tablets were administered to the patient within a 24 hour period. Morphine was also not administered when necessary as per hospital policy. An order by the attending physician was necessary before morphine could be administered. The nurses are required to instruct patients not to chew the tablets before swallowing because it can cause the release of the drug into the body all at once, possibly causing serious health issues, in some cases, death. The patient’s mouth was also washed after each administration. I was also asked to check for side or adverse effects of the drug, including: dizziness, lightheadedness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, weight loss, dry mouth, headache, confusion, stiff muscles, mood changes, chills, and flu symptoms. More serious symptoms requiring immediate medical care included slow or irregular breathing, bluish coloration to the ski n, fast or slow heartbeat, seizures, hallucinations, blurred vision, hives, and rashes. Section 2 While caring for this patient, I was able to learn more about the protocols in the administration of the controlled drug morphine. The learning was able to emphasize the importance of understanding the application and use of controlled drugs, especially those used for pain relief (Hardwick, 2009). The

Hrd Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5750 words

Hrd Practice - Essay Example Information was gathered and notes taken through personal discussions with HRD personnel, management and a number of personnel affected by these systems. Data on attrition rates, performance appraisals, and career development was garnered from the meticulous records maintained by the ORTD. This data was allowed to be drawn for study only and not allowed to be used in this report. The main findings included in the following report are that ABC has a clear view of its mission and objectives and HRD strategy is visibly and strongly linked to the overall plans. The two areas studied are well developed and effectively used. This report offers some recommendations to further strengthen these. This report is written at the conclusion of a study of Human Resource Development (HRD) practices in an existing company (ABC, at their request). Theoretical inputs received during class and the thinking of various experts was compared with actual practice, to develop deeper understanding of HRD. HRD embraces a large range of activities aimed at bringing out the best in each individual to meet organizations' objectives this study was limited to two areas, Career Development and Performance Appraisal. ABC adopts a paternalistic approach and shows total involvement in the welfare of the employee both on and away from the workplace. In all dealings with employees the company makes a conscious attempt to integrate feelings, priorities and welfare of the employees' family. ABC also has well thought out medium and long term plans for growth and consolidation and its efforts at career planning and development are fully integrated into them. Manning and skill level requirements of the organisation as it evolves and grows in the next five years are written and HRD responds to this through its activities of recruitment, training and development of in-house human resources. Lateral recruitment at higher levels is rare. 2.0 Industry Studied - Overview 2.1 Background The Organisation selected for study is a large company, employing about 3,600 personnel. The company manufactures fertilizers, PVC and Cement and is essentially chemical technology driven. The company is very successful in its performance as is

Cloning in General and Ethics of Cloning Thesis

Cloning in General and Ethics of Cloning - Thesis Example Philosophers have a different point-of-views with regards to the practice of human cloning. In line with this, several philosophers such as the case of Julian Savulescu, Gregory E. Pence, and Nicholas Agar are in support of human cloning practices. On the other hand, philosophers like Leon Richard Kass strongly oppose the practice of biotechnology or human cloning. For instance, a Romania-Australian bioethicist and philosopher named Julian Savulescu published some of his writings in order to argue that the use of stem cell research should be highly promoted regardless of whether or not a person would consider an embryo as a human being. Savulescu argued that parents should be given the opportunity to choose the best child a married couple can have through the study of genetic information. Furthermore, Savulescu explained that the process of killing some embryos can be justifyiable given that the said action could benefit more people in the future (Wilkinson, Kahane and Horne; Kahane and Savulescu). Even though this particular biotechnology would mean killing an embryo or a fetus, Savulescu concludes that embryonic stem cell research should be justified because this process could eventually help the adults have more opportunity for tissue or organ transplantation whenever necessary.An expert in medical ethics and a philosophy professor at the University of Alabama in Birmingham named Gregory E. Pence is one of the few bioethicists who strongly supports the practice of human cloning (Pence).

The Theoretical Foundations of the Old Diplomacy Are Outdated Essay

The Theoretical Foundations of the Old Diplomacy Are Outdated - Essay Example ..’ Its practice dates back to the earliest known civilizations, beginning, according to Hamilton & Langhorne (2011, p.7), when early human societies realized that it makes for much better peace and harmony to listen to a message rather than to eat the messenger. Political entities, even in those times, recognized the need to co-exist with one another, as well as to enter into unions and forge alliances - in defence or offence - against common threats and perceived enemies. Early diplomatic practice, which may have begun in the ancient Near East around the middle of the third millennium B.C. (Hamilton & Langhorne, 2011, p.8) provided the framework for this. The practice of diplomacy has evolved over time, with two broad classifications emerging: the ‘old diplomacy’, practiced up to the early part of the twentieth century and the ‘new diplomacy’, which succeeded it. Theoretical Foundations of the ‘Old Diplomacy’ The gradual evolution of ea rly political entities (clans, villages, tribes, etc.) over millennia gave rise to the birth of sovereign nation states. The need to maintain an orderly structure of international relations in order to secure the growing prosperity of the nation states, in other words, the necessity for diplomacy between expanding political entities with often competing interests saw the emergence in Europe of what has been loosely described as the ‘old diplomacy’. It had, according to Nicolson (1954, p.73-77), five principal features, as follows: 1. Europe was conceived as the most important of all the continents. The greatest nations of Europe (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia, France and Britain) were regarded as the ‘Great Powers’ while other nations had to wear the toga of ‘Minor’ or ‘Small Powers’ No war, it was believed, could become a major global threat unless one of the five great European powers got themselves embroiled in it. Thus Europ e was seen as holding the balance between war and peace on a general scale. 2. The ‘Great Powers’ were seen as pre-eminent over the ‘Small Powers’, having wider responsibilities, holding more prominent and sophisticated interests and possessing greater resources, whether in money or armaments. The ‘Small Powers’ were ranked in order of their strategic importance and position, their value as markets or sources of raw materials and their relation to the balance of power. 3. The ‘Great Powers’ arrogated to themselves the common responsibility for exercising oversight functions in regard to the conduct of affairs between the ‘Small Powers’ and the preservation of peace and amity amongst them, considering themselves invested with the authority to intervene directly and by force of arms where necessary, in disputes and disagreements between these ‘Small Powers’. 4. To secure and uphold the hegemonic structure th us put in place, there was the need to establish in every country a professional diplomatic service and an associated diplomatic corps built on a more or less identical model, with common standards of professional conduct. This made it possible for Ambassadors of various countries to relate to each other with mutual respect and confidence, even when the nations they represented were engaged in acrimonious disputes or warfare. 5. Following from the above, the rule was also established that negotiations between states should be

Cloning in General and Ethics of Cloning Thesis

Cloning in General and Ethics of Cloning - Thesis Example Philosophers have a different point-of-views with regards to the practice of human cloning. In line with this, several philosophers such as the case of Julian Savulescu, Gregory E. Pence, and Nicholas Agar are in support of human cloning practices. On the other hand, philosophers like Leon Richard Kass strongly oppose the practice of biotechnology or human cloning. For instance, a Romania-Australian bioethicist and philosopher named Julian Savulescu published some of his writings in order to argue that the use of stem cell research should be highly promoted regardless of whether or not a person would consider an embryo as a human being. Savulescu argued that parents should be given the opportunity to choose the best child a married couple can have through the study of genetic information. Furthermore, Savulescu explained that the process of killing some embryos can be justifyiable given that the said action could benefit more people in the future (Wilkinson, Kahane and Horne; Kahane and Savulescu). Even though this particular biotechnology would mean killing an embryo or a fetus, Savulescu concludes that embryonic stem cell research should be justified because this process could eventually help the adults have more opportunity for tissue or organ transplantation whenever necessary.An expert in medical ethics and a philosophy professor at the University of Alabama in Birmingham named Gregory E. Pence is one of the few bioethicists who strongly supports the practice of human cloning (Pence).

No Day of Triumph Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

No Day of Triumph - Essay Example While being American brings about an idea of inclusion and equality, being black creates a sense of being an outsider and being separated from the mainstream. This dichotomy means that African Americans have to deal with the perception of others as well as a self-perception that could be colored by how others see them. In this respect, relationships become critical for the African Americans described in the stories since family, the idea of being connected to family values and the need to pass on the family heritage to the children is very important for the characters. While family supports and shapes the African American identity, in some ways it can also be a hindrance to the personal liberty and drive of an individual who seeks a different path. These act as the remnants of the slavery era in which freedom and being able to choose your destiny were not the options available to every African American. In fact, slavery also affects the viewpoints of white and Caucasian individuals described in the story since the idea of whites being the masters and blacks being slaves continues to reside in the cultural subconscious of the southern states where the story takes place. Perhaps the worse situation is experienced by the Mulatto who is neither black nor accepted by the whites as being a part of them. Even amongst African Americans, there is a level of awareness about being darker and thus more African than others and this difference is also reflected in the socioeconomic situation an African American can find himself in when the educated black person has to bear the burden of being better than others so that s/he can present a positive face for his/her race. These differences carry on with the love of religion which poor black people show in greater strength compared to those who are economically their betters. The

Business - Accounting Essay Example for Free

Business Accounting Essay In the file ACC 561 Week 3 Discussion Question 1 you will find right answers on the following task: Select a costing method: process, job, or activity based. Describe the nature of your chosen method. What types of organizations should choose that method? How is this method different from the costing methods you did not choose? Use your selected costing method to create a real-life business management scenario that includes realistic numbers. What management decisions may one make based on your scenario? Business Accounting Alternative Costing Methods The text presents job and processing costing systems as virtual â€Å"polar extremes,† there are many situations where it may be best for a company to use a hybrid system that combines attributes of both systems. Describe such a situation and discuss how the hybrid system may be better than either pure job or pure process systems. Think Twice Assume you own a business that makes two complementary products for which you allocated manufacturing overhead proportionally. A competitor is trying to undercut your price for one of the products. How might ABC costing help you better compete with this pending threat? Activity Base Costing- How do managers cost products or services using ABC systems? When should managers consider using an ABC costing system? How should they decide to adopt this method? Alternative Costing Methods I would like you all to select a costing method: process, job, or activity  based. Describe the nature of your chosen method. What types of organizations should choose that method? How is this method different from the costing methods you did not choose? I have implemented a job costing system in my company. If you were my corporate controller, how would you implement a job-costing system? Why is process costing a better costing method for cert Follow the link to get tutorial https://bitly.com/12BiSuQ College is a great time for young people to find themselves and to really find out what they are made of. However, there is a lot to learn. Some students only really become comfortable at college when its about time to leave! Dont let that be you. Here are some great college tips. Business Accounting Alternative Costing Methods The text presents job and processing costing systems as virtual â€Å"polar extremes,† there are many situations where it may be best for a company to use a hybrid system that combines attributes of both systems. Describe such a situation and discuss how the hybrid system may be better than either pure job or pure process systems. Think Twice Assume you own a business that makes two complementary products for which you allocated manufacturing overhead proportionally. A competitor is trying to undercut your price for one of the products. How might ABC costing help you better compete with this pending threat? Activity Base Costing- How do managers cost products or services using ABC systems? When should managers consider using an ABC costing system? How should they decide to adopt this method? Alternative Costing Methods I would like you all to select a costing method: process, job, or activity based. Describe the nature of your chosen method. What types of organizations should choose that method? How is this method different from the costing methods you did not choose? I have implemented a job costing system in my company. If you were my corporate controller, how would you implement a job-costing system? Why is process costing a better costing method for certain industries? What would happen if they used a job costing system? Can we explain three major source documents and how they are used in job costing systems? Why are these source documents needed?

Myanmars Challenges Essay -- Burma

State building and the implementation of policy is a central process to the legitimacy of government worldwide. These critical facets of government institutions have been thoroughly challenged throughout Myanmar’s history, a country with an awful human rights record. In this essay I will focus on the last decade in particular, where Myanmar’s state capacity and political institutions have been challenged immeasurably. This essay will focus on the implications that pose a challenge to Myanmar’s state capacity and development. First, I will discuss the military coup d’Ã ©tat, which was followed by military junta heading the Burmese state for several decades. I will then examine the issue of internally displaced people and the resulting ethnic and religious conflict. Lastly, I will investigate the issue of drug trafficking and slave labour in Myanmar. State capacity is an enduring and central process for state autonomy. The state is famously defined by Sociologist Max Weber as the ’human community that claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory.’ Therefore, state capacity is the rule of enforcement: ‘the ability of states to plan and execute policies, therefore being able to enforce laws cleanly and transparently.’ The capacity of the state is central to the legitimacy of the state, which can be challenged and measured by a countries internal coherence, stability, collection of tax, and security of the state of the enforcement law. O’Neil continues to say a state is weakly institutionalised if it must exercise force in order to ensure compliance. A military junta has been in power in Myanmar since the coup d’Ã ©tat in 1962, which overthrew the government and opened the ‘Burmese road to Soci... ...: Routledge, 2008. Miller, Rebecca. Human Trafficking in South East Asia. in South East Asian Development Routledge, London, 2008. 126. The National Coalition Government of the Union of Burma (NCGUB) on Media Press on ‘ Saffron Revolution’. Accessed April 5, 2012 http://www.ncgub.net/NCGUB/staticpages/index2fad.html?page=announcements Pedersen, Morten (2008): Burma’s Ethnic Minorities. Critical Asian Studies, 40:1, 45-65. O’Neil, Patrick. Essentials of Comparative Politics. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2010. Smith, Martin. State of strife: the dynamics of ethnic conflict in Burma Singapore: Institue for Southeast Asian Studies. 2007. Smith, Martin. Burma's Ethnic Diversity Anti-Slavery International 1994. 35-44. U.S. Department of State "Burma." International Narcotics Control Strategy Report. 2010. Academic OneFile. 5 Apr. 2012. P.170.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease Essay -- Diseases, Disorders

The term Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is a general name given to a few disorders that all fall under the category of inflamed intestines (they become red and swollen.) This is usually due to a reaction the body causes against its own intestinal tissue. The two most common types of Inflammatory Bowel Disease are Ulcerative Colitis (UC) and Crohn’s Disease (CD). Crohn’s disease can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract; however, it more commonly affects the small intestine or colon. Inflammatory Bowel Disease is a chronic disease, which means that it lasts a long time and can occur frequently. There are some cases where a person will only suffer from one occurrence of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, and then be in remission from there on. Others will have many occurrences. Sufferers of Inflammatory Bowel Disease will go through stages of flare ups and symptoms. Both Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn’s Disease share the same stages of symptoms. When the diseases are considered active, this is when there is inflammation and irritation. When the diseases are considered to be in remission, the inflammation is lessened or non-existent with no symptoms. The most common sign or symptom of both Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn’s disease is abdominal pain and diarrhea. â€Å"Diarrhea can range from mild to severe (as many as 20 or more trips to the bathroom a day). If the diarrhea is extreme, it can lead to dehydration, rapid heartbeat, and a drop in blood pressure. And continued loss of small amounts of blood in the stool can lead to anemia.† (Rosario, 2011) Constipation may also occur due to an obstruction in the intestine or inflammation. Symptoms may depend on which section of the gastrointestinal tract is affected, and may also range in... ...lt in depression. If depression occurs there are also support groups and counseling available to patients suffering from these diseases. Works Cited Harvey, S. (2010, September 28). Health central. Retrieved from http://www.healthcentral.com/ibd/irritable-bowel-syndrome-000069_7-145.html Mayo Clinical Staff. Inflammatory bowel disease. Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/inflammatory-bowel-disease/DS01195/DSECTION= tests-and-diagnosis Rosario, J. F. D. (2011). Kids health. Retrieved from http://kidshealth.org/parent/medical/digestive/ibd.html Rowe, W. (n.d.). Inflammatory bowel disease. Retrieved from http://www.emedicinehealth.com/inflammatory_bowel_disease/article_em.htm Tresca, A. (2009, May 2). The Difference between ulcerative colitis and crohn. Retrieved from http://ibdcrohns.about.com/od/ulcerativecolitis/a/diffuccd.htm

Expansion and Contraction of Matter

SMJK AVE MARIA CONVENT SCIENCE B6D7E1 – The Principles of expansion and contraction of matter Name: Lim Li Fern (14) Class: 1P11 Identification Card No. : 990412-11-5206 Subject teacher: Puan Norlida Heat does to matter is changes it state. There is something more subtle though that can cause big problems. Look at this devise. When you heat both this ball and the ring the ring expands like a long bar of metal. The  ball expands less so when they are heated  the ball fits through the ring. You may want to look for these and try this demo as many of you probably have these. Another neat  tool to show the expansion of metals is this bimetal bar.It is made with one metal on one side and another metal on the other side. One metal expands more rapidly so the bar twists when heated. This affects things in the real world drastically. If this is not considered when building something we can end up with a  road buckling. Engineers then plan for the expansion and contraction due to heat. In a pipe we may see special parts like  this  or  this  so that the pipe can expand in length without breaking. Behaviour of matter – Expansion and contractioncontraction Substances  expand  or get bigger when they are heated up. They  contractor get smaller when they are cooled down.This property can be useful. * Thermometers work because the liquid inside them expands and rises up the tube when it gets hotter. * Metal parts can be fitted together without welding using shrink fitting. The animation shows how this works. Expansion and contraction in metal The rod is too big to fit through the hole. The rod is cooled, causing it to contract. The rod fits in the hole. When warmed, it expands to fit tightly. All matter is affected by heating and cooling. With a very few exceptions, when any matter is heated, it will expand. When it   is cooled, it will contract. Observing a Gas Expand When HeatedProcedure:  Ã‚   Place the neck of the balloon over the mouth of the bottle. Put about 6 cm (2 in) of water in the bottom of the pot and place the bottle and balloon in the pot. Heat the water slowly over the stove. You do not need to heat the water to boiling. What happens to the balloon? Remove the bottle and allow it to cool. What happens to the balloon now? What Happened:  When the air inside the bottle was heated by the hot water, it expanded. As the air expanded, some  was  pushed into the balloon causing it to expand slightly. When the air inside the bottle cooled, it contracted and the balloon shrank.Observing a Gas Contract When Cooled Just as you saw a gas expand when heated, you can see how it contracts when cooled using the same material as in the last experiment. Procedure:  Place a couple of inches of water in the bottom of the pot and place the bottle in the pot. Heat the water to almost boiling. Then, using the oven mitts, remove the bottle and quickly place the balloon over the neck. Allow the bottle to cool and observe the balloon as the bottle cools. What Happened:  As the air inside the bottle cooled, it contracted. This caused the balloon to be drawn into the bottle.Observing a Liquid Expand When Heated Procedure:  Ã‚   Put a little food coloring or a pinch of coffee or fruit drink mix in the bottle. Fill the bottle completely with cool tap water. Place a couple of inches of water in the bottom of the pot and carefully place the bottle in the pot, being careful not to spill any of the water. Slowly heat the water in the pot almost to boiling and observe what happens to the water in the bottle. What Happened:  As the water inside the bottle was warmed, it began to expand. The bottle could no longer hold all of the water and the water began to â€Å"bulge† from the top.Some may have even spilled out. Observing a Liquid Contract When Cooled Procedure:  Fill the bottle completely to the top with hot tap water. Try to get as few bubbles in the water as possible. Allow the bott le to cool where it will not be disturbed. Be careful not to spill any of the water. After the bottle has cooled to room temperature, observe the level of the water in the bottle. What Happened:  The water level was slightly below full. As the water cooled, it contracted causing the water level to drop. However, there may also be another effect here as well.If you used water with a lot of bubbles, those bubbles also took up a part of the volume inside the bottles. As the bubbles eventually floated to the top, they would have decreased the volume slightly. Can you think of some way to insure that what you are seeing is not a result of the bubbles? A Major Exception to the Rule The general rule that has already been stated is that matter expands when heated and contracts when cooled, but there are a few exceptions. The most important exception is water when it freezes. Procedure:  Ã‚   Fill the bottle to the top with water and replace the cap.Wrap the bottle in several layers of n ewspaper and place the bottle and paper in the bag. Put the bag in the freezer and leave it there until the water freezes. Remove the bag and paper and examine the bottle. What do you see? What Happened:  The bottle was shattered or very swollen. When water is cooled, whether as a gas (water vapor), a liquid, or a solid, it will contract. The one major exception to this is when water reaches the freezing point and changes from liquid water to ice. At that point, the water expands, rather than contracts. This expansion caused the bottle to break.The reason water behaves this way has to do with the shape of it’s molecules. When water freezes into ice, it’s molecules line up in a certain way, and when they do, they take up more space than they did as a liquid. It is almost as if the molecules elbow each other out of the way, and this causes the ice to take up more space than the liquid water. Once the water freezes and gets colder than the freezing point ( 0? C or 32? F ), it begins to contract again. The only time water expands when cooled is at the point where it freezes. However, the fact that water expands when it freezes is very important in nature.For example, one of the ways that rocks are broken down into soil is by water freezing in the cracks of rocks. When the frozen water expands, it has enough force to cause the rock to split or break into smaller and smaller pieces. Observing a Solid Expand and Contract Procedure:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Using the wire cutters, cut a rod from the long bottom section of a wire coat hanger. Keep this wire as straight as possible. Use the sandpaper to sand the paint off the wire. (You are going to heat this wire, and you need to remove the paint to avoid fumes from burning paint! ) Cut a section of the coffee stirrer or broom straw about 3 inches long.Push the straight pin through the middle of this section. The straight pin should fit snugly. If it doesn’t, use a small piece of tape to hold it in place. Set u p the rod, pin, books and heat source as shown. Make sure that the end of the rod away from the pointer is firmly against a book, and that the rest of the rod is touching only the pin, and not the surface of the books. Heat the rod using your heat source, and observe what happens to the pointer. Remove the heat source without disturbing the rod and watch what happens as the rod cools. What Happened:  As the rod was heated, it began to expand.Since one end of the rod was against the book, it could expand in one direction only. As it expanded, the rod moved over the pin, causing the pin to roll slightly. Although the pin may not have rolled more than a quarter turn, the pointer allowed you to see this motion very clearly. As the rod cooled, it contracted and moved the pin and pointer back to where they started. We have seen that solids expand when heated and contract when cooled. Engineers who design roads, buildings, towers, and other large structures must know how much a substance will expand or contract over the range of temperatures it is expected to encounter.The engineers then have to design the structure to prevent damage from expansion or contraction. These next experiments will have you to examine some of these structures on a hot day in summer and a cold day in winter. They could become part of a science project on heating and cooling. Expansion and Contraction of Railroad Tracks Raildroad Track Expansion Joint Walk along a railroad track until you find a place where two rails are joined together. You should see a small gap between the rails where they are fastened together. This gap is called an â€Å"expansion joint†.Some newer tracks have rails that are continuously welded together and do not use expansion joints. If you walk for some distance and do not see a gap between two rails, the tracks you are looking at are probably of this kind. If possible, you should try to locate an older track, or even one that is no longer in use. Such track will be more likely to have expansion joints. If you are able to locate an expansion joint, measure and write down the outside temperature, along with the date and the time. Also, measure and record the size of the gap. The millimeter scale is probably the best scale to use.If you have a camera (particularly if this is part of a science project) take a picture of the joint. It is a good idea to take this picture with the ruler in place. Save your notes. If you did this on a hot day, repeat it on a cold day, or vice versa. Can you measure any difference in the size of the gap? What Happened:  The gap is slightly narrower on a hot day, because the rail sections on either side of the gap expand  with the increased heat. If expansion joints were not put in place and the rails were placed tightly together on a cold day, when they were warmed by the sun, they would buckle and perhaps come loose.If the rails were put down tightly on a hot day, they would pull apart in cooler weather. E ither could cause a very serious accident. Expansion and Contraction of Power Lines On a very hot or cold day, locate power lines near your home hanging between two poles or towers. Notice how much the lines sag. Measure and record the temperature as well as the date and time. Select a good spot to take a picture of the lines. Carefully note exactly where you make this picture in your notebook, including any zoom setting and the center of your photo.Make sure that you will be able to return to the exact spot several months from now. Return to the same spot when the weather is much hotter or colder, depending on when you did this the first time. Again, measure and record the temperature, date and time. Take another picture of the wires using the same zoom settings and center point as before. Compare the two pictures. What do you see? What Happened:  The wires sagged much less in cold weather. Wire, like all other solids, expands when it is warmed and contracts when it is cooled. In hotter weather, it will expand more, causing the wires to sag more.When power or phone lines are strung, they are always sagged to allow for expansion and contraction. If they were to be strung too tight, they could snap when they contract in colder weather. An Exception to Expanding and Contracting in Solids As we have seen, solids usually expand when heated and contract when cooled. However, some solids don’t always behave according to this rule, as this experiment will show. Procedure:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Turn the box on its side as shown. Place the pushpin in the top edge of the box and hang the rubber band over the pushpin. (If you can’t get the pushpin to hold firmly, try taping the rubber band. Tie a small weight to the other end of the rubber band. The weight should be heavy enough to stretch the rubber band, but not enough to break it. Set the dryer on it’s hottest setting and heat the rubber band. Note what happens to the rubber band. What Happened:  Instead of expanding as we would have expected, the rubber band contracted and lifted the weight. Molecules of rubber are long and twisted, something like a loose spring. Rubber molecules compress when they are heated, causing them to draw together like a tighter spring. When all of the molecules do this, the rubber band contracts.

Health Care Careers Diagram and Summary Essay

The role of the Chief Information Officer (CIO) in healthcare has become one of the main lifelines in the industry. The CIO is the most important person within an organization in regards to the collecting, organization, monitoring and securing of data. The CIO is a critical member of the executive leadership team. Charged with developing the organization’s strategy, he or she is responsible for leading the IT staff and ensuring overall compliance with all regulatory requirements. The CIO is also responsible for keeping up-to-date with the latest technology trends as well as threats and being able to adapt the organization’s strategy to mitigate those threats. The CIO also facilities and drives change within the organization (Glaser & Williams, 2010). The CIO is responsible for establishing and maintaining many key relationships within an organization’s leadership team. They work to provide valuable input that helps shape the entire organization’s vision and path to success. The CIO reports consistently on the progress and development of all information technology (IT) projects, issues, and tasks. â€Å"They are the brain of the business-body, monitoring and regulating all the data that passes through. Without CIOs, a healthcare company would collapse under the weight of unprocessed information.† (Becoming a Healthcare CIO (Chief Information Officer), 2012) The CIO focuses on updating and optimizing existing systems while utilizing new systems effectively and efficiently. They are also responsible for updating and maintaining capabilities, strengthening policies and reworking procedures on a daily basis. The CIO is the front line of defense for protecting the organization against fraud and abuse, as well as securing all electronic patient health information (ePHI). The role of the CIO has evolved as the health care industry has faced changes with the dependency on  information technology. Figure 1. Chief Information Officer’s responsibilities within a health care organization. As shown in Figure 1, a health care CIO faces many challenges on a day-to-day basis. These challenges are in the form of maintaining existing systems, optimizing new systems, and protecting PHI. The role of the CIO will continue to evolve as the health care system changes and the dependency and regulations surrounding the role of information technology increase. References Becoming a Healthcare CIO (Chief Information Officer). (2012). Retrieved from HealthcareAdministration.com: http://www.healthcareadministration.com/becoming-a-healthcare-cio-chief-information-officer/ Glaser, J. P., & Williams, R. B. (2010). The Definitive Evolution of the Role of the CIO. Journal of Healthcare Information management, 21(1), 9-11. Retrieved from http://www.himss.org/files/HIMSSorg/content/files/03_column_Leadership.pdf

Behаviоrаl Explаnаtiоns Generаl Psychоlоgy

ShÐ ¾rtly Ð °fter purchÐ °sing persÐ ¾nÐ °l cÐ ¾mputer, my fÐ °ther stÐ °rted using Internet Ð ¾n dÐ °ily bÐ °sis. MÐ ¾reÐ ¾ver, he wÐ ¾uld spend nights brÐ ¾wsing. MeÐ °nwhile, my mÐ ¾m wÐ °s cÐ ¾mbining her cÐ ¾llege studies (tÐ ¾ receive secÐ ¾nd educÐ °tiÐ ¾n) with wÐ ¾rk Ð °nd wÐ ¾uld usuÐ °lly cÐ ¾me bÐ °ck hÐ ¾me tÐ ¾tÐ °lly wiped Ð ¾ut. TherefÐ ¾re, she wÐ °s nÐ ¾t Ð °t first cÐ ¾ncerned with whÐ °t my fÐ °ther wÐ °s up tÐ ¾ during lÐ °te evenings Ð °nd nights since everything she wÐ °nted tÐ ¾ dÐ ¾ wÐ °s tÐ ¾ jump tÐ ¾ bed Ð °s sÐ ¾Ã ¾n Ð °s pÐ ¾ssible Ð °nd fÐ °ll Ð °sleep. HÐ ¾wever, lÐ °ter Ð ¾n everything chÐ °nged. She nÐ ¾ticed thÐ °t her husbÐ °nd wÐ ¾uld cÐ ¾me bÐ °ck hÐ ¾me lÐ °te Ð °nd even stÐ °rted spending nights Ð ¾n the Ð ¾ffice sÐ ¾fÐ °.In Ð ° few dÐ °ys she sÐ °w him getting up Ð °nd silently turning Ð ¾n his hÐ ¾me cÐ ¾mputer in the middle Ð ¾f the night. Since they hÐ °ve Ð °lreÐ °dy been mÐ °rried fÐ ¾r 15 yeÐ °rs she Ð °t first cÐ ¾nsidered it Ð °n Ð ¾n-line Ð °ddictiÐ ¾n thÐ °t hÐ °s Ð °lreÐ °dy been Ð ¾n the Ð °gendÐ ° in mÐ °ny fÐ °milies. HÐ ¾wever, she wÐ °s certÐ °in her husbÐ °nd cÐ ¾uld nÐ ¾t surf news sites Ð °ll nights lÐ ¾ng. Ð fter hÐ °ving checked Ð °ll Ð ¾f his pÐ ¾ckets Ð °nd bÐ °gs, she fÐ ¾und Ð °n Ð °nswer in his e-mÐ °il bÐ ¾x which prÐ ¾vided her with the evidence Ð ¾f Ð °n Ð ¾n-line lÐ ¾ve Ð °ffÐ °ir with Ð ° yÐ ¾ung lÐ °dy frÐ ¾m Ð °nÐ ¾ther pÐ °rt Ð ¾f the wÐ ¾rld.In Ð ° very shÐ ¾rt while she hÐ °s filed fÐ ¾r divÐ ¾rce withÐ ¾ut hÐ °ving Ð °ny hesitÐ °tiÐ ¾ns Ð ¾r regrets. With indicÐ °ted Ð °bÐ ¾ve mÐ °teriÐ °l in mind we mÐ °y stÐ °te thÐ °t the prÐ ¾blem is cleÐ °rly Ð °ssÐ ¾ciÐ °ted with Ð ¾n-line cheÐ °ting Ð °nd behÐ °viÐ ¾r which it cÐ °uses. HÐ ¾wever, the questiÐ ¾n is: cÐ °n cyber intimÐ °te relÐ °tiÐ ¾nships be still cÐ ¾nsidered Ð °s cheÐ °ting? VÐ °st mÐ °jÐ ¾rity Ð ¾f psychÐ ¾lÐ ¾gists clÐ °im Ð °lthÐ ¾ugh Ð °dultery Ð °nd cheÐ °ting typicÐ °lly hÐ °ve physicÐ °l cÐ ¾nsequences, they Ð °ll emerge in humÐ °n minds Ð °nd hÐ °ve direct cÐ ¾nnectiÐ ¾n with nervÐ ¾us system.TherefÐ ¾re, Ð ¾nline lÐ ¾ve Ð °ffÐ °ir is nÐ ¾thing but cheÐ °ting reÐ °l-life pÐ °rtners thÐ ¾ugh fÐ ¾r thÐ ¾se whÐ ¾ Ð °re invÐ ¾lved in it, it is mÐ ¾re Ð ¾f Ð °n entertÐ °inment thÐ °n seriÐ ¾us issue. They see it Ð °s unhÐ °rmful Ð °nd sÐ °fe wÐ °y tÐ ¾ cÐ °rry Ð ¾ut their fÐ °ntÐ °sies. CОNCEPT IDENTIFICÐ TIОN. TÐ ¾ investigÐ °te the issue I selected twÐ ¾ nÐ ¾tiÐ ¾ns Ð ¾f generÐ °l psychÐ ¾lÐ ¾gy: hÐ °bituÐ °tiÐ ¾n Ð °nd the theÐ ¾ry Ð ¾f mind (TОM). Ð s humÐ °n beings, we get used tÐ ¾ things. SÐ ¾mething thÐ °t is new Ð °nd incredibly exciting cÐ °n becÐ ¾me tediÐ ¾us. This trend tÐ ¾ hÐ °ve declining respÐ ¾nsiveness tÐ ¾ sà  ¾mething is cÐ °lled hÐ °bituÐ °tiÐ ¾n (yÐ ¾u might Ð °lsÐ ¾ heÐ °r sÐ ¾meÐ ¾ne sÐ °y thÐ °t yÐ ¾u get hÐ °bituÐ °ted tÐ ¾ sÐ ¾mething).FÐ ¾r instÐ °nce, there mÐ °y be Ð ° picture yÐ ¾u reÐ °lly like sÐ ¾ yÐ ¾u put it Ð ¾n the wÐ °ll in yÐ ¾ur rÐ ¾Ã ¾m. YÐ ¾u see this picture every dÐ °y, 20 times Ð ° dÐ °y. Оver time Ð °nd repeÐ °ted expÐ ¾sures tÐ ¾ this picture yÐ ¾u might stÐ °rt feeling like yÐ ¾u've â€Å"seen it Ð ° milliÐ ¾n times† Ð °nd it just dÐ ¾esn’t hÐ °ve the sÐ °me effect Ð ¾n yÐ ¾u. This is hÐ °bituÐ °tiÐ ¾n. The fÐ ¾undÐ °tiÐ ¾nÐ °l ideÐ ° fÐ ¾r hÐ °bituÐ °tiÐ ¾n studies is thÐ °t Ð ¾nce peÐ ¾ple hÐ °ve been becÐ ¾me sÐ ¾ thÐ ¾rÐ ¾ughly fÐ °miliÐ °r with Ð ° stimulus thÐ °t they nÐ ¾ lÐ ¾nger pÐ °y Ð °ttentiÐ ¾n tÐ ¾ it, their Ð °ttentiÐ ¾n will recÐ ¾ver if Ð ° stimulus thÐ °t they recÐ ¾gnize Ð °s different is presented.In this prÐ ¾cedure, during the initià  °l, hÐ °bituÐ °tiÐ ¾n phÐ °se, the infÐ °nt sits Ð ¾n the pÐ °rent’s lÐ °p fÐ °cing Ð ° mÐ ¾nitÐ ¾r Ð ¾n which he/she sees Ð ° visuÐ °l imÐ °ge Ð ¾f sÐ ¾me sÐ ¾rt while listening tÐ ¾ Ð ° sÐ ¾und. The experimenter recÐ ¾rds Ð ¾n Ð °n externÐ °l cÐ ¾mputer hÐ ¾w lÐ ¾ng the infÐ °nt lÐ ¾Ã ¾ks Ð °t the mÐ ¾nitÐ ¾r while listening tÐ ¾ the sÐ ¾und. The theÐ ¾ry Ð ¾f mind is sÐ ¾mething thÐ °t Ð °ll peÐ ¾ple must develÐ ¾p in Ð ¾rder tÐ ¾ understÐ °nd the minds Ð ¾f Ð ¾ther peÐ ¾ple. We cÐ °ll it Ð ° theÐ ¾ry becÐ °use we cÐ °n never Ð °ctuÐ °lly cÐ ¾nnect with Ð °nÐ ¾ther's mind. There is nÐ ¾ Ð ¾bjective wÐ °y tÐ ¾ verify the cÐ ¾ntents Ð ¾f their cÐ ¾nsciÐ ¾usness Ð ¾r tÐ ¾ Ð °ssess their mÐ ¾tivÐ °tiÐ ¾ns Ð °nd desires.InsteÐ °d, when we interÐ °ct with Ð ¾ther peÐ ¾ple we cÐ °n Ð ¾nly guess Ð °t these things, using Ð ¾ur TОM tÐ ¾ wÐ ¾rk Ð ¾ut whÐ °t they knÐ ¾w, think Ð ¾r feel. It s eems reÐ °sÐ ¾nÐ °ble tÐ ¾ believe thÐ °t peÐ ¾ple cÐ °nnÐ ¾t understÐ °nd the desires Ð ¾r emÐ ¾tiÐ ¾ns Ð ¾f Ð ¾thers unless they Ð °re Ð °wÐ °re Ð ¾f their Ð ¾wn, Ð °nd it certÐ °inly seems tÐ ¾ be true thÐ °t TОM develÐ ¾ps Ð °lÐ ¾ngside self-Ð °wÐ °reness (the develÐ ¾pment Ð ¾f self is cÐ ¾vered in Ð ° sepÐ °rÐ °te lecture). First, children leÐ °rn tÐ ¾ recÐ ¾gnize themselves (frÐ ¾m Ð °rÐ ¾und 18 mÐ ¾nths), then tÐ ¾ express their emÐ ¾tiÐ ¾nÐ °l stÐ °tes (frÐ ¾m Ð °bÐ ¾ut twÐ ¾ yeÐ °rs). Then, they must mÐ °ke the difference between self Ð °nd Ð ¾ther.EXPLÐ NÐ TIОN. The reÐ °sÐ ¾n why my fÐ °ther wÐ °s behÐ °ving in this pÐ °rticulÐ °r wÐ °s becÐ °use during Ð °ll Ð ¾f these yeÐ °rs Ð ¾f mÐ °rriÐ °ge he hÐ °s prÐ ¾bÐ °bly Ð °lreÐ °dy gÐ ¾t used tÐ ¾ my mÐ ¾ther Ð °nd wÐ °s lÐ ¾Ã ¾king fÐ ¾r sÐ ¾me Ð ¾ther new emÐ ¾tiÐ ¾ns. This dÐ ¾es nÐ ¾t meÐ °n thÐ ¾ugh thÐ °t he wÐ °nted tÐ ¾ turn his Ð ¾n-line Ð °ffÐ °ir intÐ ¾ sÐ ¾me lÐ ¾ng-term relÐ °tiÐ ¾nships. MÐ ¾re likely, it wÐ ¾uld grÐ °duÐ °lly slÐ ¾w dÐ ¾wn becÐ °use Ð ¾f the sÐ °me hÐ °bituÐ °tiÐ ¾n which wÐ ¾uld nÐ ¾t seem sÐ ¾ exciting Ð °nymÐ ¾re. MeÐ °nwhile, my mÐ ¾ther here wÐ °s suppÐ ¾sed tÐ ¾ refer tÐ ¾ the theÐ ¾ry Ð ¾f mind Ð °nd try tÐ ¾ understÐ °nd my fÐ °ther Ð ¾r dÐ ¾ sÐ ¾mething thÐ °t wÐ ¾uld turn him Ð °wÐ °y frÐ ¾m his Ð ¾nline Ð °ddictiÐ ¾n.CÐ ¾nsequently, she wÐ ¾uld be Ð °ble tÐ ¾ cÐ ¾rrectly respÐ ¾nd Ð ¾n this situÐ °tiÐ ¾n Ð °nd Ð °vÐ ¾id their sepÐ °rÐ °tiÐ ¾n. Ð ccÐ ¾rding tÐ ¾ the theÐ ¾ry Ð ¾f mind, peÐ ¾ple shÐ ¾uld first explÐ ¾re themselves Ð °nd then try tÐ ¾ perceive Ð ¾thers. Ð s Ð ° result, this perceptiÐ ¾n wÐ ¾uld becÐ ¾me mÐ ¾re Ð °ccurÐ °te Ð °nd precise. This will Ð °llÐ ¾w them tÐ ¾ mÐ °ke better decisiÐ ¾ns Ð °nd build brighter future tÐ ¾gether. GenerÐ °l psychÐ ¾là  ¾gy enÐ °bles us tÐ ¾ hÐ °ve Ð ° better insight Ð ¾f feelings, emÐ ¾tiÐ ¾ns, Ð °nd thÐ ¾ughts which we experience Ð ¾n hÐ ¾urly bÐ °sis. In cÐ °se mentiÐ ¾ned Ð °bÐ ¾ve hÐ °bituÐ °tiÐ ¾n is Ð ° prÐ ¾blemÐ °tic issue while the theÐ ¾ry Ð ¾f mind seems tÐ ¾ be Ð ¾ne Ð ¾f the wÐ °ys Ð ¾ut. BehÐ °viÐ ¾rÐ °l ExplÐ °nÐ °tiÐ ¾ns GenerÐ °l PsychÐ ¾lÐ ¾gy ShÐ ¾rtly Ð °fter purchÐ °sing persÐ ¾nÐ °l cÐ ¾mputer, my fÐ °ther stÐ °rted using Internet Ð ¾n dÐ °ily bÐ °sis. MÐ ¾reÐ ¾ver, he wÐ ¾uld spend nights brÐ ¾wsing. MeÐ °nwhile, my mÐ ¾m wÐ °s cÐ ¾mbining her cÐ ¾llege studies (tÐ ¾ receive secÐ ¾nd educÐ °tiÐ ¾n) with wÐ ¾rk Ð °nd wÐ ¾uld usuÐ °lly cÐ ¾me bÐ °ck hÐ ¾me tÐ ¾tÐ °lly wiped Ð ¾ut. TherefÐ ¾re, she wÐ °s nÐ ¾t Ð °t first cÐ ¾ncerned with whÐ °t my fÐ °ther wÐ °s up tÐ ¾ during lÐ °te evenings Ð °nd nights since everything she wÐ °nted tÐ ¾ dÐ ¾ wÐ °s tÐ ¾ jump tÐ ¾ bed Ð °s sÐ ¾Ã ¾n Ð °s pÐ ¾ssible Ð °nd fÐ °ll Ð °sleep.HÐ ¾wever, lÐ °ter Ð ¾n everything chÐ °nged. She nÐ ¾ticed thÐ °t her husbÐ °nd wÐ ¾uld cÐ ¾me bÐ °ck hÐ ¾me lÐ °te Ð °nd even stÐ °rted spending nights Ð ¾n the Ð ¾ffice sÐ ¾fÐ °.In Ð ° few dÐ °ys she sÐ °w him getting up Ð °nd silently turning Ð ¾n his hÐ ¾me cÐ ¾mputer in the middle Ð ¾f the night. Since they hÐ °ve Ð °lreÐ °dy been mÐ °rried fÐ ¾r 15 yeÐ °rs she Ð °t first cÐ ¾nsidered it Ð °n Ð ¾n-line Ð °ddictiÐ ¾n thÐ °t hÐ °s Ð °lreÐ °dy been Ð ¾n the Ð °gendÐ ° in mÐ °ny fÐ °milies. HÐ ¾wever, she wÐ °s certÐ °in her husbÐ °nd cÐ ¾uld nÐ ¾t surf news sites Ð °ll nights lÐ ¾ng. Ð fter hÐ °ving checked Ð °ll Ð ¾f his pÐ ¾ckets Ð °nd bÐ °gs, she fÐ ¾und Ð °n Ð °nswer in his e-mÐ °il bÐ ¾x which prÐ ¾vided her with the evidence Ð ¾f Ð °n Ð ¾n-line lÐ ¾ve Ð °ffÐ °ir with Ð ° yÐ ¾ung lÐ °dy frÐ ¾m Ð °nÐ ¾ther pÐ °rt Ð ¾f the wÐ ¾rld.In Ð ° very shÐ ¾rt while she hÐ °s filed fÐ ¾r divÐ ¾rce withÐ ¾ut hÐ °ving Ð °ny hesitÐ °tiÐ ¾ns Ð ¾r regrets. With indicÐ °ted Ð °bÐ ¾ve mÐ °teriÐ °l in mind we mÐ °y stÐ °te thÐ °t the prÐ ¾blem is cleÐ °rly Ð °ssÐ ¾ciÐ °ted with Ð ¾n-line cheÐ °ting Ð °nd behÐ °viÐ ¾r which it cÐ °uses. HÐ ¾wever, the questiÐ ¾n is: cÐ °n cyber intimÐ °te relÐ °tiÐ ¾nships be still cÐ ¾nsidered Ð °s cheÐ °ting? VÐ °st mÐ °jÐ ¾rity Ð ¾f psychÐ ¾lÐ ¾gists clÐ °im Ð °lthÐ ¾ugh Ð °dultery Ð °nd cheÐ °ting typicÐ °lly hÐ °ve physicÐ °l cÐ ¾nsequences, they Ð °ll emerge in humÐ °n minds Ð °nd hÐ °ve direct cÐ ¾nnectiÐ ¾n with nervÐ ¾us system.TherefÐ ¾re, Ð ¾nline lÐ ¾ve Ð °ffÐ °ir is nÐ ¾thing but cheÐ °ting reÐ °l-life pÐ °rtners thÐ ¾ugh fÐ ¾r thÐ ¾se whÐ ¾ Ð °re invÐ ¾lved in it, it is mÐ ¾re Ð ¾f Ð °n entertÐ °inment thÐ °n seriÐ ¾us issue. They see it Ð °s unhÐ °rmful Ð °nd sÐ °fe wÐ °y tÐ ¾ cÐ °rry Ð ¾ut their fÐ °ntÐ °sies. CОNCEPT IDENTIFICÐ TIОN. TÐ ¾ investigÐ °te the issue I selected twÐ ¾ nÐ ¾tiÐ ¾ns Ð ¾f generÐ °l psychÐ ¾lÐ ¾gy: hÐ °bituÐ °tiÐ ¾n Ð °nd the theÐ ¾ry Ð ¾f mind (TОM). Ð s humÐ °n beings, we get used tÐ ¾ things. SÐ ¾mething thÐ °t is new Ð °nd incredibly exciting cÐ °n becÐ ¾me tediÐ ¾us. This trend tÐ ¾ hÐ °ve declining respÐ ¾nsiveness tÐ ¾ sÐ ¾mething is cÐ °lled hÐ °bituÐ °tiÐ ¾n (yÐ ¾u might Ð °lsÐ ¾ heÐ °r sÐ ¾meÐ ¾ne sÐ °y thÐ °t yÐ ¾u get hÐ °bituÐ °ted tÐ ¾ sÐ ¾mething).FÐ ¾r instÐ °nce, there mÐ °y be Ð ° picture yÐ ¾u reÐ °lly like sÐ ¾ yÐ ¾u put it Ð ¾n the wÐ °ll in yÐ ¾ur rÐ ¾Ã ¾m. YÐ ¾u see this picture every dÐ °y, 20 times Ð ° dÐ °y. Оver time Ð °nd repeÐ °ted expÐ ¾sures tÐ ¾ this picture yÐ ¾u might stÐ °rt feeling like yÐ ¾u've â€Å"seen it Ð ° milliÐ ¾n times† Ð °nd it just dÐ ¾esn’t hÐ °ve the sÐ °me effect Ð ¾n yÐ ¾u. This is hÐ °bituÐ °tiÐ ¾n. The fÐ ¾undÐ °tiÐ ¾nÐ °l ideÐ ° fÐ ¾r hÐ °bituÐ °tiÐ ¾n studies is thÐ °t Ð ¾nce peÐ ¾ple hÐ °ve been becÐ ¾me sÐ ¾ thÐ ¾rÐ ¾ughly fÐ °miliÐ °r with Ð ° stimulus thÐ °t they nÐ ¾ lÐ ¾nger pÐ °y Ð °ttentiÐ ¾n tÐ ¾ it, their Ð °ttentiÐ ¾n will recÐ ¾ver if Ð ° stimulus thÐ °t they recÐ ¾gnize Ð °s different is presented.In this prÐ ¾cedure, during the initiÐ °l, hÐ °bituÐ °tiÐ ¾n phÐ °se, the infÐ °nt sits Ð ¾n the pÐ °rent’s lÐ °p fÐ °cing Ð ° mÐ ¾nitÐ ¾r Ð ¾n which he/she sees Ð ° visuÐ °l imÐ °ge Ð ¾f sÐ ¾me sÐ ¾rt while listening tÐ ¾ Ð ° sÐ ¾und. The experimenter recÐ ¾rds Ð ¾n Ð °n externÐ °l cÐ ¾mputer hÐ ¾w lÐ ¾ng the infÐ °nt lÐ ¾Ã ¾ks Ð °t the mÐ ¾nitÐ ¾r while listening tÐ ¾ the sÐ ¾und. The theÐ ¾ry Ð ¾f mind is sÐ ¾mething thÐ °t Ð °ll peÐ ¾ple must develÐ ¾p in Ð ¾rder tÐ ¾ understÐ °nd the minds Ð ¾f Ð ¾ther peÐ ¾ple. We cÐ °ll it Ð ° theÐ ¾ry becÐ °use we cÐ °n never Ð °ctuÐ °lly cÐ ¾nnect with Ð °nÐ ¾ther's mind. There is nÐ ¾ Ð ¾bjective wÐ °y tÐ ¾ verify the cÐ ¾ntents Ð ¾f their cÐ ¾nsciÐ ¾usness Ð ¾r tÐ ¾ Ð °ssess their mÐ ¾tivÐ °tiÐ ¾ns Ð °nd desires.InsteÐ °d, when we interÐ °ct with Ð ¾ther peÐ ¾ple we cÐ °n Ð ¾nly guess Ð °t these things, using Ð ¾ur TОM tÐ ¾ wÐ ¾rk Ð ¾ut whÐ °t they knÐ ¾w, think Ð ¾r feel. It se ems reÐ °sÐ ¾nÐ °ble tÐ ¾ believe thÐ °t peÐ ¾ple cÐ °nnÐ ¾t understÐ °nd the desires Ð ¾r emÐ ¾tiÐ ¾ns Ð ¾f Ð ¾thers unless they Ð °re Ð °wÐ °re Ð ¾f their Ð ¾wn, Ð °nd it certÐ °inly seems tÐ ¾ be true thÐ °t TОM develÐ ¾ps Ð °lÐ ¾ngside self-Ð °wÐ °reness (the develÐ ¾pment Ð ¾f self is cÐ ¾vered in Ð ° sepÐ °rÐ °te lecture). First, children leÐ °rn tÐ ¾ recÐ ¾gnize themselves (frÐ ¾m Ð °rÐ ¾und 18 mÐ ¾nths), then tÐ ¾ express their emÐ ¾tiÐ ¾nÐ °l stÐ °tes (frÐ ¾m Ð °bÐ ¾ut twÐ ¾ yeÐ °rs). Then, they must mÐ °ke the difference between self Ð °nd Ð ¾ther.EXPLÐ NÐ TIОN. The reÐ °sÐ ¾n why my fÐ °ther wÐ °s behÐ °ving in this pÐ °rticulÐ °r wÐ °s becÐ °use during Ð °ll Ð ¾f these yeÐ °rs Ð ¾f mÐ °rriÐ °ge he hÐ °s prÐ ¾bÐ °bly Ð °lreÐ °dy gÐ ¾t used tÐ ¾ my mÐ ¾ther Ð °nd wÐ °s lÐ ¾Ã ¾king fÐ ¾r sÐ ¾me Ð ¾ther new emÐ ¾tiÐ ¾ns. This dÐ ¾es nÐ ¾t meÐ °n thÐ ¾ugh thÐ °t he wÐ °nted t Ð ¾ turn his Ð ¾n-line Ð °ffÐ °ir intÐ ¾ sÐ ¾me lÐ ¾ng-term relÐ °tiÐ ¾nships. MÐ ¾re likely, it wÐ ¾uld grÐ °duÐ °lly slÐ ¾w dÐ ¾wn becÐ °use Ð ¾f the sÐ °me hÐ °bituÐ °tiÐ ¾n which wÐ ¾uld nÐ ¾t seem sÐ ¾ exciting Ð °nymÐ ¾re. MeÐ °nwhile, my mÐ ¾ther here wÐ °s suppÐ ¾sed tÐ ¾ refer tÐ ¾ the theÐ ¾ry Ð ¾f mind Ð °nd try tÐ ¾ understÐ °nd my fÐ °ther Ð ¾r dÐ ¾ sÐ ¾mething thÐ °t wÐ ¾uld turn him Ð °wÐ °y frÐ ¾m his Ð ¾nline Ð °ddictiÐ ¾n.CÐ ¾nsequently, she wÐ ¾uld be Ð °ble tÐ ¾ cÐ ¾rrectly respÐ ¾nd Ð ¾n this situÐ °tiÐ ¾n Ð °nd Ð °vÐ ¾id their sepÐ °rÐ °tiÐ ¾n. Ð ccÐ ¾rding tÐ ¾ the theÐ ¾ry Ð ¾f mind, peÐ ¾ple shÐ ¾uld first explÐ ¾re themselves Ð °nd then try tÐ ¾ perceive Ð ¾thers. Ð s Ð ° result, this perceptiÐ ¾n wÐ ¾uld becÐ ¾me mÐ ¾re Ð °ccurÐ °te Ð °nd precise. This will Ð °llÐ ¾w them tÐ ¾ mÐ °ke better decisiÐ ¾ns Ð °nd build brighter future tÐ ¾gether. GenerÐ °l psychÐ ¾lÐ ¾gy enÐ °bles us tÐ ¾ hÐ °ve Ð ° better insight Ð ¾f feelings, emÐ ¾tiÐ ¾ns, Ð °nd thÐ ¾ughts which we experience Ð ¾n hÐ ¾urly bÐ °sis. In cÐ °se mentiÐ ¾ned Ð °bÐ ¾ve hÐ °bituÐ °tiÐ ¾n is Ð ° prÐ ¾blemÐ °tic issue while the theÐ ¾ry Ð ¾f mind seems tÐ ¾ be Ð ¾ne Ð ¾f the wÐ °ys Ð ¾ut. References