Automobile :: essays research papers

History After the steam engine was invented in the early 17th century, various attempts were made to apply this source of power to self-propelled road vehicles. Early efforts were unsuccessful, except for those that produced interesting toys such as the machine developed about 1680 by the English scientist Sir Isaac Newton, wich was propelled by the back pressure of a jet of steam directed to the rear. The first successful self-propelled road vehicle was a steam automobile invented in 1770 by the French engineer Nicolas Joseph Cugnot. It was designed to transport artillery, and it ran on three wheels. The British inventor William Symington in 1786 built a working model of a so-called steam carriage. The 19th century The first automobile to carry passengers was built by the British inventor Richard Trevitchick in 1801. In December of that year, Trevitchick conducted a successful road test of his vehicle, wich carry several passengers, on an open road near his native town, Illogan. His success was due to the greater efficiency and smaller size of his power unit, wich was the first to have the piston moved by steam at high pressure. In the United States, the inventor Oliver Evans obtained the first patent on a steam carriage in 1789. In 1803, he built a self-propelled steam dredge, wich is regarded as the first self-propelled vehicle to operate over American roads. In France and Germany, meanwhile, attention turned to the development of the internal-combustion engine. By 1980, more than 300 million cars and 85 million trucks and buses were operating throughout the world, forming an indispensable transportation network. Germany’s Volkswagen sent its first shipments of autos, popularly known as Beetles, to the Unites States in the early 1950s and eventually became a major force in the U.S. auto industry. The first Japanese imports to the United States was 16 compact pickups arrived in 1956. Ten years later, Japanese vehicle imports reached 65000 units. By 1980, the Japanese claimed 2.

Intimations of the American Character: Five American Writers

America’s only 230 years old, give or take, therefore to ask after the American character is much the same as asking after the character of a two-year old – not impossible, but hardly definitive. There’s a an anecdote of general reportage that on Nixon’s first trip to China Kissinger asked Mao what he thought of the French Revolution. Mao answered that it was too soon to tell.Perhaps it is too soon to tell what the American character is as can be determined in the literature of the 17th – 19th Centuries, but one cannot mistake that in the various works of its first significant authors (writers who felt themselves sufficiently invested in this democratic experiment spread over some six million square miles of beautiful and infinitely resourceful land) the first intimations if not indications of who and what we are (as opposed to where we came from – the old countries) make themselves known.Harold Bloom, Professor, author, reader, man of extrao rdinary powers of memorization, idiosyncratic, self-proclaimed Falstaffian, wrote, ironically enough, a work entitled â€Å"The Anxiety of Influence. † With reference only to the title, which implies so much, especially for any would–be artist who seeks place his/her own unique stamp on his/her work, one encounters the first problem for the truly creative: We are not born without context. Mozarts aside, we must school ourselves, absorb, learn, model, mimic and copy before we write, paint, sing, play music, dance, in a wholly new and original way.The struggle to achieve what is original implies its own anxiety. Like Michelangelo’s slaves f marble, will we ever break free? Has American broken free of its overwhelming British influences? And if we have broken free, if we have achieved a unique and American voice, to whom do we owe the credit for the great break with our bi-continental past? The important word here is context. No source is tapped in a vacuum. We are the progeny of forebears; we are the ancestors of those to come.Time being what it is we can only look back. First, review the grim declamations of Jonathan Edwards and feel the anxiety of that faith which rested in an angry God, full of spit, fire and fury, an unhappy parent disappointed in his children, a God in a nominally Christian world, who’s narrowed the avenue of salvation to inches of rock-ledge that can be traversed by so few that a minister’s left with little to do but warn his congregation about how bad it’s going to be when they’re dropped like spiders into the eternal flame.Of course, no God is ever as awful as his followers and Edwards’ admonitions are the high point of that drive towards â€Å"purity† which drove the puritans from the corrupt Anglicanism of Elizabeth and James (not to mention Henry VIII who had his own take mercy and forgiveness). If one were to read too much of Jonathan Edwards, one might conclude that the American character is a dour, determined and fatalistic, the unfortunate result of Augustine’s fear dripped through Calvin’s Swiss rectitude by way of Anglo-Saxon provincialism played out in the hands and minds of truly brave pilgrims determined to reform themselves almost out of existence.In short the first expression of America’s self, its character, was a reaction to the wavering, the wiggle-room, and the corruption in late Elizabethan, Jamesian-Protestantism. It is the expression of what one people might attribute to a god who’s angry with the failure of his children. But Edwards’s declamations are not the word of god so much as their expression of man angry with man.Ironically, the supposed anger of this god, by way of Edwards, will move Puritan congregation to embrace a work ethic (Protestant, New England, rural, elemental, purifying) which will stand in opposition to the source of the Reformation, itself – Luther’s reading of R omans which asserts salvation by grace and not by good works. But time passed and America, with its depth and breadth of resourcefulness, its brave and entrepreneurial people who made the move, took the chance, crossed the ocean in search of a better life, and would not be held captive in the ornate chains of those ministers well-schooled in the endless dark night of the soul.Brave people, entrepreneurs, the â€Å"can-do† sort of people who cross oceans are not the type of people to succumb to anxieties. And they are not without humor. Indeed they require humor, because humor is the step-sister of practicality. The ironic point of view, the wit, the clever turn of phrase, the creativity and intelligence of the comedic mode, are often the best means to drive home points and conclusions and directives that might otherwise be lost in the didactic drone of dogma.Ben Franklin gave voice to humor and common sense and practicality in his writings. We look upon him now, perhaps unfor tunately, as a cartoon figure of Disney’s imagination, or that precious gent employed each early summer to dress up in velvet, lace and granny glasses, to walk the streets of Philadelphia and scare children with the stilted language of the poor mimic. But to do so would be our loss. Franklin was a genius.He was a polymath, self educated and like most early Americans, born (as if dropped whole) into a new land affording infinite potential without the â€Å"floors or ceilings† of given classes, gifted with the curiosity and intelligence to make sense out of the new, original American experience, and to express the process for others. He was an inventor, a newspaper man, a man of letters, a political in-fighter, a political theorist schooled in the writings of the Enlightenment.He was a humanist who, unlike his ascetic Puritans ancestors of Boston and environs, believed that humans were of value, body, mind and spirit. Franklin dared to believe, in the most general sense of the lesser-dogmatic theists that man was deserving of something better than Edwards’s angry white bearded, sententious, demanding, unpredictable, inconsistent and contrary God.Through Franklin the American character first developed the genius of common sense, leavened with humor. In the settlement of New York by the inveterate, humanistic Dutch and Philadelphia by the easy, peaceful, sometimes silent Quakers, Franklin, the man who traveled south, denied the anxiety driven, forbidding world view (so often fostered in too-cold climates) that sought to prepare man for eternity while denying the value of the here and now.Through Franklin we learn that man is capable of creativity, here and now, that man can better his station in life, that life is worth living and that process, ritual, form and style (Franklin’s writing can not but reflect some of the 18th Century politesse) are meant to follow function and that substance, rather than appearance, is the determinative va lue.Throughout a review of Franklin’s writings, one is struck by that wave of humanism and democratic values that asserted themselves in the wake of decadent royalties and courts and found their most eloquent expression in the preamble to America’s Declaration of Independence, penned by Jefferson (edited, polished, affirmed, if not ghost written by Franklin. ) Emerson, the sage of Concord, virtually unknown in cocktail conversation today, but for the notion of some salty rigid circumspect New England self reliance, is the American writer with whom all American writers must contend.Like America, itself, full of contradictions and principles that outran its very self, Emerson was an iconoclast, who looked about the beauty of Concord and saw that although the world was good, man made institutions, were, over time, necessarily corruptible and, instead of assisting the individual in his walk through life, ultimately hindered the individual from clear sight, a post-Christian pantheism, a transcendent vision of God’s grandeur and all that can be deduced, derived from that.In a way analogous to the solitary loneliness of the dark night of the soul, Emerson encouraged the brave entrepreneurial American, optimistic, human, and sufficiently wise not only to appreciate the comedic mode of life (i. e. , life is ultimately and always salvageable), but to travel past the thickets of dogma, to apply his gifted and most importantly his co-creative mind to an understanding of the world about him. Yes, the America might be the New Jerusalem, a new place of unbounded physical grace, but the kingdom must be experienced within as well.Emerson’s transcendent view is best appreciated when one posits the pure permeability of the divine through nature and then through the very self. Humanism need not stand in opposition to Edwards’s angry god, but need only accommodate God, affording Him the place he’s had forever, within and without ourselves. Thoreau lived a mile from Emerson. They were friends to the degree that that they could offer and receive friendship.Both were complex, but Thoreau gave voice and body to complexities, contradictions that flowed from Emerson’s first indications of a uniquely American voice. (All men are created equal, and yet Americans buy and sell slaves. ) Thoreau is a photographic negative to much of what Emerson implies. Tough they both lived in this grand new country, Thoreau, the prophet, also recognized problems which would and still occur to this day in a country so bountiful it invited a work ethic as boundless as its resources, size and frontiers.Work is a balm to the anxious and energetic soul. Perhaps it’s too much to say that all work is busy work (though a walk down Park Avenue on a Monday in September might make one wonder), but work and the American’s over-praise of the over-valued activity is a defense to work’s essential nature – a distraction fr om the anxiety of being. Americans praise those Americans who work hard, keep their heads down, work hard, never look up, never question, and might ask after function but never purpose.And these are the workers, the people, the men and women, who live the lives of quiet desperation. Thoreau is a radical in that he goes to the very source of an idea cloaked in so many assumptions and â€Å"givens† that the questioning itself renders him an iconoclast, an eccentric of the first order. Living alone by a pond is nothing compared to asking those questions which might upset the underpinnings of a society too busy to ask anything. Thoreau loafs with the intensity of a Kant.He questions not only the American way of life with its work ethic, but also the proposition that life’s primary value lies in work and that through work (only work) man will find his identity, ultimately his purpose and after this life perhaps his salvation. Thoreau is a â€Å"loafer† like Whitman, but Thoreau does not loaf to escape work, he â€Å"loafs† to escape meaningless work and to question the assumptions of New England in the early 19th centuryThere’s a cliche in the work-a-day world, devoted to the corporate mind and group think that sublimates the individual to the will and survival and perhaps betterment of the group. It is this: Nobody’s indispensable. Thoreau either heard or intuited this dismissal of the human and his efforts (Willy Loman 100 years on), and said: Why do we engage in a system which demands our lives, makes false promises and considers us utterly dispensable? The American work ethic makes promises and offers the appearance of payback to justify itself. Indeed, such a charade is one under-pinning of the capitalist system.We’re promised ticky-tacky houses, country clubs, swimming pools, unlimited credit at usurious rates, nice clothes, the right schools for above-average kids, and of course the magical totem , the icon, t he car, the uber-van, the humvee, the mode of transportation that will â€Å"tell them who we are. † Thoreau anticipated all of this – the uneasy contract by which Americans remain trapped in the first and second levels of the hierarchy of needs while our demi-gods of celebrity and power achieve a self-actualization denied everybody else. Not surprisingly we are then bought off with television, sports, bread and circuses.One of the contradictions in Thoreau is that the assertion of the individual is Romantic, but the means employed is ascetic and classical. To live deliberately is not to live with frippery or Boucher’s swings or the ease of decadent courts. To live deliberately is a radical undertaking, directing the speedy to slow down to take time to loaf and view the smallest, finest things, those effects of creation which in their brief majesty put to shame all the useless memos, briefs, papers, efforts and transactions set down in the 19th Century’s ethos of success and wealth as the outward sign of grace.Thoreau stands in opposition to the America’s madness for work. Walden has changed lives. People have been seen reading it during their rush commutes. Whitman turns within and explodes without. He does not so much challenge the hustle and bustle of the great democratic experiment as he seeks to encompass it, to swallow it, to take it in, because the genius of the poet – this new American poet – is begin enough, grand enough, to express the vastness of it all. Indeed every part of every part is a part of every part.To turn within is to look without, to subsume the All. Whitman breaks the line open. Even a grade student looking at a poem by Whitman and a poem by Philip Freneau can’t help but see the difference in form. The old and tired expresses itself in neat stanzas, century old rules. But Whitman’s lines span the page. They scan and pose propositions only to complete the circle with their o pposition stated like closing a door on a completed whole. The compliment forms the greater proposition.This is a poet not so much of contradictions (though he admits as much), but a poet, like a demi-god, who can reconcile the apparent and real contradictions of life. Does America contradict itself (Slavery – All men are created equal)? Yes. Can America reconcile its contradictions? Perhaps. One war says we have; other wars say we have not. Perhaps it’s too facile to remark that whereas the country was split north and south, Samuel Clemens, born in Missouri, a border state, obtained his unique voice traveling north and south along a river which in its own way sought to hold the warring halves together.In Huckleberry Finn Twain reconciles the optimism and humor of Franklin, the adventuresome self-reliance of Emerson, Thoreau’s marginal iconoclast and Whitman’s reconciled over-soul. And yet, Mark Twain, the humorist, the colloquial voice of wisdom, the woo ly relative we place at the head of the table, soon encountered, as America encountered the cracks and flaws of life, its random terribleness, its self-inflicted wounds.At the very heart of the American character is the mater of slavery, the ludicrous contradiction of eloquence scripted to blow trumpets of gold and light bonfires of freedom that would out-enlighten the enlightenment. And still the ships came from the west coast of Africa. Slaves – bought and sold. These contradictions are essential. They are indicators of life itself and neither America, its character nor its poets and writers are immune.Though we can look fondly on America’s optimism, humor, practicality, favor of substance over form, the acknowledgment that form follows substance, that in America merit counts – we must also look upon the all too common type, born of the all too common fatigue evident in a country that offers just enough in a zero-sum game to keep the citizen alive one more day , for one more effort, for one more expenditure: We know the desperate worker, who expends enormous amounts of energy, convincing himself, fooling himself that what he does has meaning and purpose, that he’s paid enough (as all those bleeding-heart liberal programs for all those minorities don’t get in the way) and that someday, maybe when he retires with a weak heart and a spent spirit, he and his wife will travel the length and breadth of this great country and call to mind something of what that old gay poet wrote – something about atoms and bed-fellows and lilacs This too is the American character – desperate, tired, vain, prejudiced, spent, rigid, utterly human and, for all of it, ultimately forgivable.

Are There Too Many Lawyers

Today we welcome John Nikolaou  to the blog to discuss an important issue: Are there too many lawyers out there?   There is general sentiment in business communities across the nation that there are too many lawyers. Some even look at lawyers with disdain. This does not bode well for law school hopefuls concerned with the job market awaiting them upon graduation. But should they really be concerned? Are students enrolling in law school at high rates? Is there a glut of lawyers in the market driving down wages? Law school admissions statistics show just the opposite trend in fact, with less and less students enrolling in law school. The quality, price, and perceived value of a legal education remain the strongest factors in decisions to apply to law school. As for the job market, while some structural changes to the legal job market have decreased the availability of legal jobs, there is still an oversupply of law school graduates. These factors have combined to force change the legal education field itself. Enrollment in law school has certainly declined.   The American Bar Association reported that the number of enrolled law students dropped by 9,000 between 2013 and 2014. In addition, close to two-thirds of the 203 accredited law schools reported smaller first-year classes in 2014 compared to their 2013 numbers. These trends are not wholly caused by increasingly difficult admissions criteria, but rather the simple fact that fewer students are applying to law school: approximately 55,000 students applied to law school in 2014 compared to the 88,000 students in 2010. In fact, the decline in applications correlates to an average increase in acceptance rates. According to this data, it is now almost 40% easier to get into law school than it was ten years ago.   With rising admissions rates and decreasing applications, why are students not jumping on the opportunity to attend law school? The traditional path for becoming a lawyer is to attend a good law school, pass the bar exam, work off any debt in a few years through a well-paying job, then continue moving up in one’s career. This path is breaking up in several places, beginning with law school. The decision to attend law school is a complicated one: students now more than ever may have the option to attend a variety of law schools because of the dwindling application numbers. However, just because you get into a law school, doesnt mean it is the right decision to go. Some law schools have terrible bar pass or employment rates. Bar exam preparation and the quality of the education are two top concerns for law school applicants. There is an even greater risk of going to a low ranked law school given the steady rise of law school tuition and thus debt: a year of tuition can cost $44,000, even at schools that are ranked low on the U.S. News World Report list, while a diploma from a top-rated school usually costs an additional $10,000 or more annually. A J.D., however, doesn’t guarantee a bar license or a job after law school. Prospective law students have to make sure that they are attending the right school, managing the debt load, and working on planning their career from day one. While debt loads are on the rise, the traditional notion that a well-paying entry level legal job will help pay off law school debt soon is becoming less of a reality. Statistics from the National Association for Law Placement show that the percentage of class of 2014 law school graduates unemployed and seeking work was three times higher than that of the class of 2010. Alison Monahan  notes that the highly sought jobs at â€Å"big law† firms are becoming scarcer: â€Å"BigLaw is probably hiring fewer incoming associates than they did in the peak years before the recession. But numerically speaking, they never hired all that many young attorneys anyway.† She points out that technology has made lawyers more efficient, further lowering the demand for new lawyers at large law firms. The next best alternative is a position at a smaller law firm, however it is more difficult to get a job out of law school at smaller firms since they typically prefer experienced applicants who can hit the ground running. What are left are public sector legal jobs with average salaries maxing out at around $80K a year. Alison also observed that â€Å"for those who start with a low salary, its not clear that it necessarily increases that much over time. If youre looking at public interest work, for example, youre not going to see a huge salary increase as you gain experience.† Given the waning applications to law school caused by high tuition and questionable job prospects, law schools are making changes to their degree offerings to attract more applicants. According to U.S. News, more than a dozen schools now offer accelerated programs as pioneered by Northwestern Law School. In addition to accelerated programs, law schools are expanding their interdisciplinary tracks like the J.D./MBA combination, with Stanford Law leading the movement by offering 27 joint J.D. degrees. Law schools have also made attempts to ease the cost of attendance by developing part-time programs that spread tuition over more years. Some schools have been even more direct with the cost issue, cutting tuition and offering more financial aid and scholarships to attract top students. Elon Law and Brooklyn Law are two examples of such schools. As for curriculum, law schools have responded to the demand for clinical training programs so their students can gain real-world experience before they enter the job market. The recent trends in the legal field have also prompted a change in the law school admissions process. There is a nationwide debate about eliminating the requirement that law school applicants submit an LSAT score and allowing applicants to send in a GRE score instead. The GRE or Graduate Record Examination is a broad and flexible exam accepted by many master’s programs and business schools, whereas the LSAT or Law School Admissions Test is specifically tailored to evaluate an applicant’s skills related to law school academics. The acceptance of the GRE would increase the amount of applicants to law school, but I don’t think that would be a necessarily positive change. We have always said here on About.com that the happiest and most successful law students are those who have a specific interest in practicing law and making yourself study for the LSAT is one of the threshold tests of whether or not you are really motivated to apply to and attend law school. But if you have taken the GRE, it is possible you are  looking at a variety of  graduate schools at once and law school is just an option you are considering. Looking past law school, there is a growing movement to change the bar exam as well. Several states and organizations are advocating the adoption of the â€Å"Uniform Bar Exam† or UBE. The idea is that a universal U.S. bar exam would allow lawyers to sit for the bar once and be able to practice in all fifty states instead of today’s system in which lawyers may have to sit for several state bar exams. This change would potentially make law school become more attractive by  opening up a larger pool of job  opportunities since lawyers could practice in every state. With New York adopting the Uniform Bar Exam in July 2017, the idea that there could be one nationwide bar exam is coming closer to a reality. However, it remains to be seen if other large states, such as California, will adopt this exam or keep their own exam as a barrier to entry to a states legal marketplace.   It is expected that the changes in law school curriculum, admissions, and bar exam testing will cause an uptick in applications for the 2015-2016 academic year. The structural changes in law school and the legal job market, however, are expected to have lasting effect on the field. While the traditional path through the legal profession is becoming less realistic, Alison Monahan, however, says â€Å"the [current structure of firms] creates certain opportunities for ambitious grads who want to start a practice and can compete with larger firms using more efficient ways of doing things.† The general sentiment that there are â€Å"too many lawyers† may have some evidence to back it up, but that does not mean the legal field is dead. There are increasingly more opportunities for students to get dynamic legal training through a variety of programs and, with some innovation and determination, successful careers can still be carved out of the difficult legal job market. For more on law school, click here.

Recruitment and Selection Process of Police Officers

Introduction For an individual to become a police officer, he has to be prepared for a challenging yet rewarding role. There are various requirements and selection processes that have to be carried out before this individual is chosen to join the police force. This requirements and processes are carried out in trying to identify the very best applicants who show that they possess the potential of becoming fully effective in the role. Requirements for one to join the police force include: One has to be 21 years of age, but if one is 20-1/2 one can take a written test; One has to have been educated, be it from high school or any recognized institutions; An individual has to be a United State citizen and if a non-citizen he has to be a permanent resident alien as per the requirement of United State Citizenship and Immigration Service therefore illegible and has done application for citizenship; The background of an individual is as well considered, where ones past behavior is scrutinize and judged in determining success (Paradise Valley Police Department, 2011) . One has to be excellent in terms of health having no conditions that might restrict his ability later in completing academic training and in performing every aspect of police work. Ones physical condition has also to be good; an individuals uncorrected vision should not be more than 20/40, unless a person wears soft contact lenses. And the soft contact lenses should have been worn successfully for not lessShow MoreRelatedOfficer Selection And Training Process872 Words   |  4 PagesOfficer Selection and Training Process CJS/210 Martin Hewlett February 1st, 2015 Each and every state has many different police agencies within the cities, these agencies have a specific selection and training process in order to be recruited and considered a full time employee. Now we know that not all are alike in every single way as there are little things here and there that may change a tad. For the most part all the major training and requirements are the similar nationwide. In order toRead MoreTask 1:Workforce Planning, Recruitment, Selection. Course1044 Words   |  5 PagesTask 1: Workforce Planning, Recruitment, Selection Course Code: 234 Student Name: Brenda Dempsey Student ID: 255891 Date: April 23, 2017 Student Mentor Name: Becky Melton â€Æ' A1. Factors that are influencing labor demand. 1. 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The Violence Of The Media - 2366 Words

Survivors Everyone sat, with eyes wide open, staring at the tv, wondering what s going on. Everyone calling everyone asking if they are ok and what s going on. No one knew but tv broadcasts said that a deadly virus has broke out in Washington. The broadcast explains that the virus is turning people to zombies and then the zombies have been infecting people by eating them. Suddenly a fence is ripped apart by zombies behind the broadcast, the zombies start heading towards the broadcast people. The women speaking says, â€Å"may God be with us all† and then the broadcast abruptly cancels. We all know what has happened and that we need to prepare ourselves. Ryan Herring, still at this hospital working, called his wife as soon as he seen the†¦show more content†¦When all of Ryan’s and all of Brittany s family arrive they all gather in the living room and talk about the apocalypse. Half of the family thinks they should leave and go somewhere safer while the other half thinks they should stay. Ryan knows of a secluded safe place is where it is completely isolated on a huge hill with a moat around it. He describes this to the whole family and it sounds most intriguing to everyone. After Ryan describes it everyone agrees that it sounds good and that they should head their. They make plans to set out first thing in the morning. All of the family had also brought all of their weapons and ammunitions and food as well. They now have a good supply of food, water, and guns/ammunition. They have about two months worth of food and water and about 10,000 rounds of ammunitions along with about 100 guns. They all get a good night s rest and wake up in the morning and begin their journey. As they all head out they are driving down the road and the world is in total chaos. Everyone is running around frantically stealing and killing. Everyone is running in and out of houses and all the streets so Ryan and the group has to take it slow. The place that Ryan is talking about is about 100 miles away so they will only drive for about two hours given the fact that they have to drive slowly through the town. They get out of the town and onto an interstate and no one is on it. They

Quantitative Qualitative Research Or Both -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Quantitative Versus Qualitative Research Or Both? Answer: Introduction The main aim of this research is to acknowledge all the stages involved in safety management and differentiating between the success and failure of the project in each aspect like history, behavior, environmental, psychological, and organizational and many others. This research provides a proper explanation of how the safety factors implemented in order to set the guidelines to be followed. The success or failure of the safety management in construction industry are functions of the implementation of the safety factors. The research rationale Health and safety management in the construction industry has a high importance within the industry professionals. It is considered against the rights of the planning authorities, clients, consultants and contractors. The health and safety management became an integral part of the organizational framework as well as other related organizations. According to Clarke et al. (2005), as cited in Chileshe Dzisi (2012) almost all of the workplaces (93%) reported employee sickness absence. About 94% of workplaces are aware of the accident cases. Obstacles to implementing health and safety management are represented mainly in the time restrictions, cost, low priority, small size, lack of knowledge and lack of information and guidance and support. The construction injuries have a negative direct impact on the workers and the work itself. The work is affected through construction delays, lower productivity and higher insurance premiums that result from injuries. The indirect impact includes loss of future revenue for the business and loss of future income for the injured workers. The most common causes of injuries are falls, being caught in or between objects, electric choke, affection by toxic gases, fire and many other reasons (Chileshe Dzisi 2012). Most of the subcontractors can predict the risks, as the construction of a building is much more than the skillful performance of the subcontractor. The health and safety management requires the all trades to work cooperatively during the project lifetime. Also, legislations have to consider the rights of workers for having health and safety standards (Wadick 2010). Risk is considered a probability of a favorable outcome that arises from a decision. In the construction management, risk is an exposure of economic loss arising from the involvement in a construction project. Many professionals in the construction sector do not realize the potential impact on other associated risks that may impact the business operations. The holistic risk management approach enables the organization to manage all sources of business risks. It will enhance the risk mitigation and ensure safety management at workplace (Sharma Swain 2011). There is a large amount of literature on health and safety on-site, but there is a lack of research on the confined construction sites and the increasing level of risks that workers face in the workplace. According to while Illingworth (2000) and Cooke and Williams (2004), as cited in Spillane et al., (2012), it is recommended that an organization make effective design site layout to maximize space on-site which results in lower risk. The research objectives Assuring proper implementation of safety factors helps in identifying the risks in construction projects. To provide safety standards as a result of the safety factor implementation. To improve the level of safety performance. Regular supervision of the related authorities is expected to change behaviors towards the more safe construction environment. To assure that safety standards are strictly followed without taking any shortcuts. To improve the training programs concerning the health and safety management. To be able to control the number of accidents which yield deaths and injuries. Improvement of the critical success factor with the complicated attributes. To change the workers' attitudes in response to the proper implication of the role and responsibilities of the contractor. The systems of inquiry The process of theory development may be conducted induction, deduction or abduction reasoning. Deduction is the process of stating conclusions about a phenomenon based on theoretical reasons or logical thinking and an initial set of assumptions. In deduction, the results of the analysis formed in terms of conclusion should be true if the initial premises and reasons are correct. But induction is the opposite of deduction, as it starts with observation of certain phenomenon or evidence, then facts or conclusions could be drawn. The inductive conclusions are only a hypothesis, and could be disproven. The deductive conclusions tend to be stronger than inductive conclusions in general, but if the deductive conclusion is based on an incorrect premise, it will also be incorrect (Bhattacherjee 2012). Abduction is considered a modern methodological interpretations. It took the interest of researchers in concern with the concerning grounded theory. Grounded theory argues that theories should be discovered from data by being close to the phenomena that is investigated. It suggests not to start from grand theories deductively. This means that the research process has to start from scratch. This approach has its proponents and opponents who argue that the theories could not be neglected totally and it is not logic to reinvent the wheel. Abduction provides means for understanding that research methodology could be conducted through the combination between theory and observed elements (Paavola 2014). Sequence of methods According to Fellows Liu (2015), the research in the field of the construction industry could be quantitative, qualitative or mixed method. This means that we have three alternatives to choose among them, as follows: First alternative: The quantitative approach is used in the construction industry research with 29.2% empirical research, followed by 25.95 of the formulations of simulation proposals and 5.6% of the performance of archival studies (Panas Pantouvakis 2010). The data collection techniques are used in the previous research to gather data required for verifying hypotheses formulated on the basis of a literature review. The numeric data collected could be analyzed by using statistical tools in two different ways, the first is the descriptive analysis, which describes the aggregation and presentation of the constructs of interest. The second is the inferential analysis, which refers to hypothesis testing, it could be conducted with software programs as SPSS or SAS (Bhattacherjee, 2012). Second alternative: The qualitative approach could be implemented to introduce some form of classification to the data. The qualitative content analysis is used in the construction industry research with 5.6% empirical research, followed by 4.5% of the formulation of simulation pro within the framework of exploratory surveys (Panas Pantouvakis 2010). Qualitative surveys tend to measure the effect of specific factors, by fitting the practitioners responses to their own perceptions. It analyzes text data through interviewing the respondents, it depends on the researchers' analytical skills and their personal knowledge of the phenomenon of interest. The qualitative analysis requires sense marketing rather than explaining. It also requires creative and investigative skills to conduct the qualitative analysis (Bhattacherjee, 2012). Third alternative: The mixed-method approach analyzes the qualitative data derived from interviews with the respondents, it is also combined with quantitative data modelling and analysis. It aims to provide insight into the phenomenon of interest (Panas Pantouvakis 2010). The selected system of inquiry for the research This research follows the positivism paradigm. It assures the delivery of accurate knowledge and the elimination of any ambiguity, as it follows the natural science philosophy (Saunders et al., 2009). The researcher role is neutral, he neglects his cultural aspects, values and beliefs (Keele 2012). It ensures objectivity of the researcher. This research is a quantitative research it will depend on collecting numerical data to be analyzed by using statistical methods. The advantage of this methodology is the availability of generalization of the results to the population. Also the previous research illustrate that is widely used in the analysis of the phenomenon related to the construction industry (Paradis et al., 2016). In order to collect data about the phenomenon of the safety management in the construction sector, a field study will be done (Polisen 2013). It is important to identify the variables related with the research objectives to be studied. Also the level of correlation among the variables should be tested (Gogtay Thatte 2017). Data collection method In research, data represents facts to be collected and investigated. In order to get the required information about the safety management in the construction industry, the researcher could apply different techniques concerning, phenomena, people and objects and the settings in which they take place. Secondary data will be collected from formal documents to compare between the targeted performance and the current performance of the construction industry. A survey is a tool used by the researcher to collect data about the target population, it describes one or more characteristics of it (Norris et al. 2015). In this research, data will be gathered from a samples of the large, medium and small sized firms in the construction industry. Questionnaire technique The self-administrated or written questionnaire, is used to collect data by the researcher from the respondents. According to Iro (2013), the researcher should make sure of certain points before starting to distribute the questionnaires to the respondents, they are as follows: The relevance of the questions to the problem to gather the necessary data in relation to the phenomenon of interest. Precision in listing the information sources in order to achieve the desired objectives. Assuring that the respondents could easily answer the questions by making sure of unambiguity of the questions. Providing enough spaces so that the respondents can answer properly and express the situations he faces. Assuring that each question is associated with one element and no biasness takes place. This requires no duplication in the questions. To use a structured questionnaire to investigate the variables associated with the phenomenon. There are two main types of questionnaires that could be used in data collection. The first type is the close ended questionnaire, it allows the respondents to choose among 5 alternatives on the Likert scale ranging between (strongly agree- agree- neither agree nor disagree- disagree strongly disagree) (Zohrabi 2013). The questionnaire should be designed by a professional of the field of the study. Also, it has to be analyzed with the appropriate techniques. The method of analysis should be determined a prior, as it should emerge from the exact setting of investigation. The second type is the open-ended questionnaire which allows the respondents to express their opinions towards the phenomenon of research (Bhattacherjee, 2012). The researcher will use the close-ended questionnaire to allow the respondents to express and clarify different issues related to the safety at their workplace (Office of planning, assessment, research, and quality 2015). Accordingly, the researcher will personally administrate the questionnaire, which is proofed to be an efficient data collection method. The survey will take place in the large, medium and small sized firms in the construction sector and the researcher will be able to get the required data. Data analysis techniques The researcher should choose the proper data analysis technique among the different techniques to meet the research objectives (Onwuegbuzie Combs 2011). Data should be tested for its validity and reliability. Then the analysis technique should be adopted. According to (Bihani Patil 2014), the researcher will use the descriptive analysis technique to best describe the current business situation that declares the trends, patterns and expectations of the managers in the selected Research plan for 11 week research project Considering the research objective of assuring proper implementation of safety factors helps in identifying the risks in construction projects. The quantitative method will be used to gather a range of data on specific or closed questions. It allows the researcher to quantify and document the research material gathered from the respondents' opinions (Qambar 2015). The detailed description of the quantitative method The quantitative method is more scientific and involves empirical research that assist on providing the truth and records the reality about the phenomenon being researched. It depends on a main assumption of determinism, which means that the events are mainly driven by one or more causes. The interpretations of the results are relevant to the research perspective and the level of knowledge of the researcher. Although the reality cannot be subjective and the researcher has to be objective in conducting the quantitative research. The researcher should not change his opinion according to the situation, as the quantitative analysis tool is designed in an objective manner (Qambar 2015). The quantitative research uses methods to calculate the investigated variables and reach conclusions. It requires tools of data collection as the questionnaires or structured interviews, they could be self-administrated in a written format or the respondents could be questioned orally. The sample size should be large, to provide accurate results. It is usually larger than the sample size used in the qualitative search analysis. The results of the quantitative research analysis could be generalized to the population. The quantitative paradigm is used by the researcher to show the extent to which the results of the analysis are related to the real world situation. The results of the quantitative analysis are represented in tables and charts that supports the research results. Though, the quantitative research allows the researcher to be familiar with the studied concepts, and generates the research results of hypothesis testing (Qambar 2015). Accordingly, the questionnaire will be used as the most appropriate technique in gathering data relevant to this research. The questionnaires could be distributed to the respondents, then to be collected after they express their opinions in order to provide a high degree of anonymity and to let the respondents feel free to answer the questions. References Bhattacherjee, A 2012, Social science research: Principles, methods, and pactices, University of South Florida, USA. Bihani, P Patil, S 2014, 'A comparative study of data analysis techniques', International Journal of Emerging Trends Technology in Computer Science, vol 3, no. 2, pp. 95-101. Chileshe, N Dzisi, E 2012, 'Benefits and barriers of construction health and safety management (HSM): Perceptions of practitioners within design organisations', Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology, vol 10, no. 2, pp. 276-298. Fellows, R Liu, A 2015, Research methods for construction, John Wiley Sons, Inc., USA. Gogtay, N Thatte, U 2017, 'Principles of correlation analysis', Journal of The Association of Physicians of India, vol 65, pp. 78-81. Iro, L 2013, 'Data collection techniques a guide for researchers in humanities and education', International Research Journal of Computer Science and Information Systems, vol 2, no. 3, pp. 40-44. Keele, R 2012, 'Quantitative versus qualitative research or both', in Nursing research and evidence-based practice, Jones Bartlett Learning, LLC. Norris, J, Plonsky, L, Ross, S Schoonend, R 2015, 'Guidelines for reporting quantitative methods and results in primary research', A Journal of Research in Language Studies, pp. 470-76. Office of planning, assessment, research, and quality 2015, 'Quantitative data analysis: Choosing a statistical test', University of Wisconsin. Onwuegbuzie, A Combs, J 2011, 'Data analysis in mixed research: A Primer', International Journal of Education, pp. 1-25. Paavola, S 2014, 'From Steps and Phases to Dynamically Evolving Abduction', Charles S. Peirce International Centennial Congress , USA. Panas, A Pantouvakis, J 2010, 'Evaluating research methodology in construction productivity studies', The Built Human Environment Review, vol 3, no. 1, pp. 63-85. Paradis, E, O'Brien, B Nimmon, L 2016, 'Design: selection of data collection methods', Journal of Graduate Medical Education, vol 8, no. 2, pp. 263264. Polisen 2013, Field study handbook, The European Union, Stockholm. Qambar, A 2015, Human capital development in the UAE islamic banking sector: Addressing the challenges of Emiratisation, Cardiff Metropolitan University, UK. Saunders, M, Lewis, P Thornhill, A 2009, 'Understanding research philosophies and approaches', in Research Methods for Business Students, 4th edn. Sharma, S Swain, N 2011, 'Risk management in construction projects', Asia-Pacific Business Review, vol 7, no. 3, pp. 107-120. Spillane, J, Oyedele, L Meding, J 2012, 'Confined site construction: An empirical analysis of factors impacting health and safety management', Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology, vol 10, no. 3, pp. 397-420. Wadick, P 2010, 'Safety culture among subcontractors in the domestic housing construction industry', Structural Survey, vol 28, no. 2, pp. 108-120. Zohrabi, M 2013, 'Mixed method research: Instruments, validity, reliability and reporting findings', Theory and Practice in Language Studies, vol 3, no. 2, pp. 254-62

The Theme of Beauty in The Bluest Eye Essay Example For Students

The Theme of Beauty in The Bluest Eye Essay There is a saying that states that beauty is in the eye of the beholder. This means that everyone is beautiful in a unique way, depending on how others see them. For Pecola Breedlove, this was not a pleasant thought for her. Pecola is an 11-year-old, African-American girl from Toni Morrisons novel, The Bluest Eye. Throughout the majority of her short life, Pecola struggles with the image of ideal beauty. Pecola has to go through many tough and humiliating times because of her physical features and she never really got to learn the meaning of truly being beautiful. Pecola longs to have blue eyes so that she could look like the Caucasian women whose features were considered to be ideal. These features not only included blue eyes, but blonde hair as well. Still in society today, we have our standards of beauty as well. Caucasians may still consider ideal beauty to be blue eyes, blonde hair, and also thin physiques. Other ethnic groups also have their standards of beauty. For example, in African-American culture, a woman who is thick would be considered beautiful. There were many references to Caucasian girls and women that Pecola idolized. The first was Shirley Temple. Temple, a popular young actress in the 1930s and 40s, was best known for her curly blonde hair and blue eyes. When Pecola first moves in with the MacTeer family, she immediately developed a fascination for the Shirley Temple cups. Morrison writes, She was a long time with the milk, and gazed fondly at the silhouette of Shirley Temples dimpled face (19). This became a problem for Mr s. MacTeer because Pecola was drinking so much of their milk. Another reference to idealized beauty is the little girl on the Mary Jane candy wrappers. When Pecola goes to Mr. Yacobowskis store, she buys the Mary Jane candy. Pecola is also fascinated with Mary Janes blue eyes. She felt that if she ate the candy, then she would become Mary Jane. This is seen when Morrison writes, To eat the candy is somehow to eat the eyes, eat Mary Jane. Love Mary Jane. Be Mary Jane (50). We will write a custom essay on The Theme of Beauty in The Bluest Eye specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now A movie actress that Pecolas mother, Pauline Breedlove, admired was Jean Harlow. Harlow was also a film star from the 1930s. When Pauline was five months pregnant (Morrison, 123), she tries to make herself look like Jean Harlow by doing her hair in the same style as Harlow. Paulines fascination with Caucasian beauty came about when she started spending more time at the movie theaters. Morrison writes, Along with the idea of romantic love, she was introduced to another physical beauty. Probably the most destructive ideas in the history of human thought. Both originated in envy, thrived in insecurity, and ended in disillusion (122). Both Pecola and her mother suffer from major insecurity of themselves. They both strive for positive attention from others and they want to be seen as beautiful. Caucasians are not the only ones who are seen as being beautiful in the novel, but there is also a young girl in the novel named Maureen Peal. Maureen was the new girl at school who was around Peco las age. She also has a lighter complexion and lighter colored eyes than the others did. These characteristics gave Maureen a lot of attention from other students as well as teachers. Maureen gave the other girls the impression that she was down to earth until one day the girls got in an argument over Pecolas father. Maureen had called Pecolas father black. Claudia MacTeer had asked Maureen who she was calling black. Maureen then called Claudia black and taunted her by saying, I am cute! And you ugly! Black and ugly black e mos. I am cute (73)! Maureens words had hurt the girls feelings and they began to believe what she had said. .ua787b63a76964e9114e0f82e7f3a89b2 , .ua787b63a76964e9114e0f82e7f3a89b2 .postImageUrl , .ua787b63a76964e9114e0f82e7f3a89b2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua787b63a76964e9114e0f82e7f3a89b2 , .ua787b63a76964e9114e0f82e7f3a89b2:hover , .ua787b63a76964e9114e0f82e7f3a89b2:visited , .ua787b63a76964e9114e0f82e7f3a89b2:active { border:0!important; } .ua787b63a76964e9114e0f82e7f3a89b2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua787b63a76964e9114e0f82e7f3a89b2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua787b63a76964e9114e0f82e7f3a89b2:active , .ua787b63a76964e9114e0f82e7f3a89b2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua787b63a76964e9114e0f82e7f3a89b2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua787b63a76964e9114e0f82e7f3a89b2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua787b63a76964e9114e0f82e7f3a89b2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua787b63a76964e9114e0f82e7f3a89b2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua787b63a76964e9114e0f82e7f3a89b2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua787b63a76964e9114e0f82e7f3a89b2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua787b63a76964e9114e0f82e7f3a89b2 .ua787b63a76964e9114e0f82e7f3a89b2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua787b63a76964e9114e0f82e7f3a89b2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: An Event That Changed My Life EssayThe Breedlove family consider themselves as being ugly because of all they see around them as to what is considered real beauty. They feel like they cannot have more or be more because of this. The family is full of low self-esteem. Pecola believes that by having blue eyes, they would take all of her