Curtis Cobbins Essay Example for Free

Curtis Cobbins EssayDear Ms. Robbins Im writing to thank you for the December 4th question for the District Manager position. I am still very much interested in the position and it was especially useful to meet with you and discuss the saes and marketing processes you have in place. As District Manager on the team, I look forward to forming optimal alliances with customers, investors, franchisees and vendors as well as your internal teams.I came away from our discussion with ideas I look forward to applying at Deen Companies. Specifically, I would like to get your reaction on my thinking regarding marketing research methods in your company. I am confident you will find my comments useful in this crucial area. You evaluate many people in the course of hiring, so allow me recap my qualifications Over five years record as Top Sales Producer, generating approximately $1. 5 million in annual sales turn up experience developing and managing major commercial accounts Extensive ex perience in sales management, contract negotiation and account administration Positive work ethical code and deep commitment to providing excellent results Excellent management and communication skills If I can further substantiate my ability to meet your needs at Deen Companies, recreate email me at emailprotected com Thank you again for your time. I look forward to hearing from you. Sincerely, Curtis Cobbins Enclosure

Bill Gates Essay Example for Free

efflorescence Gates EssayOne man with a vision dared all betting odds to realize his day-dream of having every abode equipped with a ad hominem computing machine. It was rather an ambitious dream, but he did his best and soon enough triumph came knocking on his door. The most important developments in the history of the computer industry happened because of that wholeness man and his vision. His story seems to tell people to dare to dream and work as hard to realize it. William Henry note Gates III chairs the world leader in software product development, solutions as well as and services companion cognise as the Microsoft flowerpot (Microsoft Corporation NP). This company has assisted individuals as well as industries around the world to recognize their fullest potentials. Bill Gates was born on the 28th day of October in the year 1955. He is the son of Mary and William Gates II. His father is an attorney while his mommy was a teacher. Bill has two sisters. The young B ill together with his sisters was raised in Seattle (Microsoft Corporation NP). Born to a rich family, Gates went to the most high-ticket(prenominal) schools in the United States. For his elementary education, he went to both public as well as private schools.During these years, he came to develop an inte simplicity in the software industry. He started doing computer programming as young as 13 years of age (Microsoft Corporation NP). Gates also went to Harvard University in the year 1973 (Microsoft Corporation NP). In his stint at Harvard, he genuine his version of the BASIC programming language. He did this for the microcomputer, otherwise known as the MITS Altair (Microsoft Corporation NP). He left Harvard while he was on his third year. His reason for leaving school is to concentrate on the company he started with good friend, Paul Allen.The year was 1975 when what was to run short the largest software developing company was initially started, then manned by just two people, Bill and Allen (Microsoft Corporation NP). The two started developing software for PCs take by the conviction that the computer would likely become an indispensable turncock at the offices as well as for every household. Gates hope as well as his dream for personal computing have as it has always been zippy to the success of his company and as well as to the rest of the industry. Under his guidance, the companys mission is to constantly progress as well as develop software technology.It also aims to make it simpler, more greet efficient, as well as more pleasing for its users. Gates became famous the world over, largely due to the sensational success of the company he started. He delivered an interesting insight on the way personal computers leave alone further revolutionize the lives of people in the future. He also shared the way the tuition superhighway give constantly progress. Gates, being the positive and passionate guy that he is bequeath certainly play a huge role in the future of computers. In the advent of sophisticated computer technology, Gates sees the future were paper work will eventually be minimized.He sees it as aroundthing where educators will teach their students with the avail of computers primarily. It would be a world where meetings can happen at any given day, at any given time with fall out the contract to travel long distances. It would be a world where residences can well recognize it owners distinctively like man ever though possible. Nowadays, Gates whim that PCs would be a huge industry as well as his constantly logical vision, are essential to his business as well as to the rest of the industry. The moment he and his business partner started out their business, they came to know the basics as they progressed (Gates 5).On the first day of January in the year 1994, Bill wed Melinda French (Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation NP. While his philanthropic ways were essential to the billionaire, together with his wife, they s tarted what came to be known as the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. The gallus believes in the equality of life for every human being. From the time it started in the year 2000, the Bill and Melinda Gates foundation help to minimize the inequalities that exist in their own country as well as the world over (Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation NP). As of the first month of the year 2005, over $28.8 billion was allotted to aid the philanthropic efforts of the couple particular concerning worldwide wellness and education (Microsoft Corporation NP). They hope that developments in these fields will be made accessible to those in need in the 21st century. The foundation has devoted over $3. 6 billion to institutions involved in worldwide health care. It has allotted over $2 billion to develop education opportunities, together with the Gates Library Initiative to give PCs, access to the information superhighway as well as education to public libraries in poor neighborhoods in their count ry and even in Canada.Over $477 million was committed to neighborhood missions at the Pacific Northwest. Over $488 million was fixed for special missions as well as yearly giving drives of the foundation (Microsoft Corporation NP). The company declared a transition process on the 15 day of June in the year 2006. Such process took effect on July 2008. It has the companys chairman out of his daily task in order to devote much of his time for his worldwide education and health initiatives through the foundation (Microsoft Corporation NP).After such(prenominal) time, Gates will serene act as the chairman as well as a consultant particularly on the companys key advancement programs. Such transition was done in order to guarantee the efficient as well as systematic turnover of responsibilities in the company. For a hundred years since the time of Rockefeller, Ford as well as Carnegie, the foundation eventually became the richest endowment ever to exist. Its first endowment sponsored the company associated products in training as well as public libraries in the country.Still, others claim that it was his wifes influence that caused the foundation to take a overbold direction to be the biggest sole private resource of investment for study into AIDS, vaccine as well as malnutrition. As a result, the efforts garnered several recognitions (New internationalist 1). Gates envisions significant developments in the computer industry in the years to come. He pictures software that is capable of interacting with people at a more personal level by means of identifying voices, features as well as hand gestures.Armed with inexpensive digital cameras, PCs will soon have vision (Hart NP). He pictures interactive tablet computes taking the place of books as well as notebooks in institutions. Pupils will draft the whole lot of the things they must have on their tablet computers and transcribe all straight to screen for storage. Gates foretells that for a great number of institutio ns, the price of new PCs will not fall as low to be a practical option to conventional book for two to fours years from now (Hart NP). Software will modify more things in the future than it has ever done before.Gates remarked the manner in which the development of software and ever more influential microprocessors, together with the information superhighway has modify individual as well as industrial computing. Moreover, he mentioned about the way it altered the world of photography as well as the medicine industry. For the most part, things will leave the desktop and will be completed in the cloud of the information superhighway. Large amounts of data, take for example, the Visual Earth developed by the company will build more logic being shared over cyberspace than downloaded on the personal computer (Kash NP).The answer to upcoming software advancement is to build the architecture that allows users to handle information as well as applications in a diversified environment makin g the most of both local as well as the cyber realms. The major transformation approaching is innovative means of relating with devices. At the same time as the aid of both keyboards and mouse is here to stay, innovative potentials in terms of speech recognition, citing for example may turn mobile devices into an even more powerful tool for communication.He also depicted the manner the three dimensional computing, collaboration devices as well as robotics are offering new stages for output that will constantly modify the cyberspace industry. Lastly, he imparted his remarks in dropping by institutions regarding the way software is turning out to be an ever more vital element in the development of the sciences, particularly in astronomy as well as biology, giving new opportunities for the development of the software industry. Gates impatiently waits for the time when the administration of any state can get rid of paper from their systems of justice as well as medical records.Since thi s particular grocery store does not concern similar aggressive issues that it was usually to be anticipated that it would take a little more time for it to progress into new advances and still the chance for competence, visibility of data as well as doing away with forms is still rather great. He believes that the growing accessibility of sophisticated visual representations will advance the development of online advertising as well as the information superhighway will ever more afford the best stage for some of the most elaborate as well as targeted innovative advertising efforts.For the twenty five year that has passed since Gates first encountered the programming language known as BASIC and when he learned the about the GE machine, he has changed the computer industry in a remarkable way. The advent of Microsoft Windows, the mouse as well as MS DOS brought it down to a more personalized plane. His goal of having every home equipped with a personal computer is happening. His vis ions have fashioned extremely aggressive software as well as hardware computing industries. This man has certainly caused a great tinct on the way people processes available data.The world has been seen a dramatic change as far as the computer industry is concerned because of one man who dared to realize his noble vision. Works Cited About Us. 2008. Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Retrieved May 18, 2008, from http//www. gatesfoundation. org/AboutUs/. Bill Gates. 30 July 2007. Microsoft Corporation. Retrieved May 18, 2008, from http//www. microsoft. com/presspass/exec/billg/bio. mspx. Bill Gates. July 2006. New Internationalist. Retrieved May 18, 2008, from http//findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_m0JQP/is_391/ai_n16619363. Gates, Bill.The Road Ahead. USA Pearson Education Limited, 1999. Hart, Kim. Bill Gates Vision for the Future. 13 March 2008. The Washington Post Company. Retrieved May 18, 2008, from http//blog. washingtonpost. com/posttech/2008/03/bill_gates_vision_for_the_f utu. html Kash, Wyatt. Bill Gates on softwares future. 13 Marh 2008. Government Computer News. Retrieved May 18, 2008, from http//www. gcn. com/blogs/tech/45963. html. Reitz, Stacey. William Henry Gates III. 26 September 1996. Stacey Reitz. Retrieved May 18, 2008, from http//ei. cs. vt. edu/history/Gates. html.

Wet Granulation Advantages And Disadvantages Biology Essay

Wet Granulation Advantages And Disadvantages Biology EssayIn this lab film diametrical sets of inkpads were produced i.e soft, medium and hard victimization assorted suees which mainly included i.e Direct Compression Vs Wet Massing ,different excipients which included (Lactose Vs Calcium Phosphate) and different binders which included (PVP Vs Klucel). Once all the lozenges were produced by the above mentioned varying runes, excipients and binders they were privyvass and compared to see how they would influence a range of launch pad establishing parameters much(prenominal) as unity of incubus, crumbliness, crushing strength insubordination m.IntroductionA oral contraceptive pill is perhaps the oldest and the most common pharmaceutical dosage form. Its popularity is repayable to its convince in the administration of the medicine without the attend to or supervision of a health care practitioner, thus providing patients freedom and a very cost effective means of providing a reproducible medication. A diggings seldom consists of solitary(prenominal) the lively ingredient. In fact , a display boardt represents a mixture of one or more diligent ingredients with a number of in dynamical ingredients or excipients. t here(predicate) are galore(postnominal) reasons for formulating a pad of paper product with excipients, ranging from management of small dosage hails of active ingredients to esthetic resons of colour and shape of a product. However, the most primordial and critical objective of a launch area product is to rear/deliver the active ingredient accurately and reproducibly. Therefore, from this perspective, a tablet is now commonly considered as a paneling delivery device (Ahmed, 2000).However all tablets are made by compressing a particulate solid amidst ii punches in a die of a tablet press. For an active ingredient to be transformed into tablets of satisfactory quality , the readying must have three essential attributes .First, the formulation must flow into the die space of the tablet press sufficiently rapidly and in a reproductible mannerSecond, the segments in the formulation must cohere when subject to a compressing force, and that coherence should remain after the compressive has been removed.Third after the conglutination event is complete, it must be affirmable for the tablet to be removed from the press without damage to either the tablet or the press.Very few active ingredients possess all three of these essentials and whatsoever posses none of them. Hence some preliminary treatment is almost invariably necessary.Methods of Tablet ManufacturesThere are three main methods of tablet occasion designed to confer the above mentioned essential attributes to a tablet formulation. Wet granulation tissue tissue and direct coalescency are the most important, with dry granulation ( excessively termed as precompression or slugging) utilize in some circumstances. Fig displays the processes o f wet granulation and direct compression broken down into their constituent stages.The relative simplicity of the direct compression process is immediately apparent.Ease of removal of the tablet from the press is, in theory at least, readily achieved. Friction occurs between the tablet and the die and punches of the press, which digest be overcome by including a lubricant in the formulation. Hence every formulation, irrespective of the method of manufacture, get out include a lubricant . This will usually be a metallic salt of a fatty acid such(prenominal) as magnesium stearate.The two other prerequisites-flow and coherency-can only be achieved by more elaborate technique and are in fact the reasons why wet dry granulation processes were devised.As part of its complexity, wet granulation involves the addition of a liquid (usually water), followed by its removal, normally by evaporation. In addition to the energy requirements of this drying process, the presence of water might b ring about hydrolysis of the active ingredients, which will be exacerbated at the elevated temperatures used for drying.If a major component of the formulation such as the diluents were to possess the necessary degree of fluidness and compressibility, granulation would be unnecessary. This is the basis of direct compression method of tablet manufacture.Wet Granulation Advantages and DisadvantagesThe wet granulation process is the traditional method of manufacture and is frequently used in the pharmaceutical industry. Expertise in wet granulation is widely available, as in the indispensable equipment. The process improves flow and cohesion reduces dust and cross contamination and stick outs the handling of powder blends without loss of homogeneity. Though it has been practiced for many years and and so may be perceived as an old moulded process., it must be borne in mind that the wet franulation process has itself undergone a transformation in recent decades. High-speed mixer-gr anulators, fluidized bed granulation and drying and an ever increasing use of automation have served to make wet granulation a much more efficient and economic process than it erst was( Marinelli, 2009).Neverthe little, the wet granulation process still retains many inherent disadvantages. Problems include choice and method of addition of the binder and the effect of drying cartridge clip and temperature on drug stability and its distribution within the solid mass.Direct Compression Process Advantages and DisadvantagesThe most striking feature of the direct compression process is its simplicity and then economy. Less equipment is required and the number of stages in the process, each of which will require validation, is greatly reduced. There are also lower labour costs, reduced treat time and lower power consumption. On top of that since direct compression is a dry procedure in that locationof there would be no carry for a drying stage. Thus, exposure to water and the elevat ed temperatures carryed to remove that water are avoided, rooting in a decreased risk of deterioration of the active ingredient. A further advantage of DC is that tablets disintegrate into their primary particles rather than granular aggregates. The resultant increase in surface area available for dissolution should result in faster drug release. On the other hand talking about disadvantages, the primary limitation on the use of direct compression is that it depends on the fluidity and compressibility of tablet diluents. Therefore it cannot be used for low potency, lavishly dose active ingredients, where the inclusion of sufficient diluents in the formulation to permit direct compression would lead to unacceptably large tablets. Thus, active ingredients such as paracetamol and aspirin do not tend themselves to the DC process. However, as utter earlier, such ingredients are often available in pregranulated form (Holm, 2009)Thus considering the different ways to produce tablet it is also important to mention here that there has also been an increased emphasis in developing tablets that provide controlled rot/release process of the active ingredient.. These tablets are indeed known by different names such as slow,extended, controlled, sustained or delayed release tablets to reflect their drug release characteristics. These modified drug release products provide further convenience to patients by reduced frequency of drug administration, thus increasing the chance of compliance as well. However for establishing the quality of a tablet product, the fundamentals remain the same i.e to ascertain that the product delivers the intended active ingredient in an accurate and reproducible manner. Therefore, tablet dischargeing can be broadly divided into three aspects or categoriesConfirmation of the nature of the active ingredient and the product ( Identity, quantity, impurities, integrity etc)Establishing pharmaceutical availability of the active moiety both in vi tro and in vivo in humans and if required also in animals.Establishing stability profiles to achieve shelf life.Testing of nature of the tablet productsAs a consequence one seeks to establish whether the tablets are within specifications, for example the nature of the active ingredients (identification) expected amount (assay) purity (related compounds) and uniformity of the amount of drug from tablet to tablet (uniformity of dosage units). Commonly these testing procedures are described in pharmacopeias under a specific name. In addition to these tests some other tests such as crumbliness, awkwardness, lawlessness etc are also conducted and will be described as belowUniformity of Dosage Units (B.P Pharmacopoeial Tests)This test is conducted to establish consistency in the content of active ingredient from tablet to tablet. There are generally two approaches taken in establishing this weight variation or content uniformity. If the active ingredient represents not less than 50% w eight of the tablet and greater than 50 mg, then one may establish uniformity of dosage units using the weight variation method. A example of 10 tablets are weighed individually and results of these weighing are recorded. In the case of the content uniformity approach, a sample of 10 tablets are individually analyzed using the analytical method described under the assay procedure. It is mandatory to use content uniformity for tablets with less than 50 mg of active ingredient and/ or representing less than 50% total mass of the tablets. The content uniformity approach is preferred over the weight variation approach as it more precisely reflects the variation of the active ingredient from tablet to tablet. The required specification for this test is that uniformity of dosage unit should be within a range of 85%-115% with a relative standard deviation of less than or equal to 6% (Holm, 2009)Friability ( Non B.P Pharmacopoeial Test)This test is intended to determine, under defined con ditions, the friability of uncoated tablets, the phenomenon whereby tablet surfaces are damaged and/or show evidence of lamination or breakage when subjected to mechanical snow or attrition. Commercially available apparatuses known as friabilators are used for the test. Basically, it consists of a tog out with diameter between 283mm and 291mm and having width of 36 mm-40 mm, made of vaporish plastic material The drum is attached to the horizontal axis of a device that rotates at 25_1 rpm. The tablets are tumbled at each turn of the drum by a curve projection with an inside radius of 75.5 mm-85.5mm that extends from middle of the drum to outer wall. Thus, at each turn, the tablets roll or slide and fall onto the drum wall or onto each other. Usually, a sample of 10 tablets are tested at a time, unless tablet weight is 0.65 g or less, where 20 tablets are tested. After 100 turns, the tablet samples are evaluated by weighing. If the reduction in the total mass of the tablets is more than 1%, the tablets fail the friability test. Generally, the test is done once. If cracked, cleaved, or broken tablets are obvious, then the sample also fails the test (Marinelli, 2009).Hardness Testing ( Non B.P Pharmacopoeial Test)A tablet requires a certain amount of mechanical strength to withstand the shocks of handling in its manufacturing, packing, shipping, and dispensing. As discussed before, ruggedness and friability are most common measures used to evaluate tablet strength. The need for testing hardness or crushing strength, in addition to friability, may be explained with an analogy that friability determines how fragile a tablet is. If a tablet is more fragile than expected, then the friability test will detect its substandard quality. However, on the other hand, if the tablets are more robust than desired, a friability test would not detect this deficiency. It is the tablet hardness test that will detect the deficiency (Holm, 2009)Disintegration Test (B.P Pharmacop oeial Tests)A disintegration test is a test to establish how fast a tablet disintegrates into aggregates and/or finer particles.The test assumes that if product disintegrates within a short period of time, such as within 5 min, then the drug would be released as expected and one should not anticipate a problem in the quality of a drug product. Although this test is in use for some products in pharmacopeias, its use is generally diminishing in favor of drug dissolution testing (Holm, 2009)Materials Methods enjoy refer to the Pharmaceutics Handbook for MPharm Year24.0 ) Results DiscussionA fundamental quality attribute for all pharmaceutical preparations is the requirement for a constant dose of drug between individual tablets. In practice, small variations between individual preparations are accepted and the limits for this variation are defined as standards in pharmacopoeias. For tablets, uniformity of dose or dose variation is tested in two separate tests uniformity of weight and uniformity of active ingredient. These either reflect indirectly or measure directly the amount of drug substance in the tablet.Uniformity of active ingredientThe uniformity of active ingredient is carried out by ensuring a constant dose of drug between individual tablets. Traditionally, dose variation between tablets is tested in two separate tests1- Weight uniformity2- field uniformityIf the drug forms greater part of the tablet, any variation in the tablet weight obviously indicates a variation in the active ingredient. (Weight uniformity test)If the drug is potent (USP specifies 50 mg of the active ingredient or less), the excipients form the greater part of the tablet weight and the correlation between the tablet weight and amount of the active ingredient can be poor, in this case another test (Content uniformity) must be performed (Holm, 2009)In this lab get across the weight uniformity test was carried out (which is one of BP requirements) and the following results were ob tained. The below table also shows the maximum and minimum percentage error.Table 4.1 Shows the calculated set for CV% along with maximum and minimum % error for various tablets produced by different processes, binders and excipients.MethodExcipientBinderMean / mgRange / mg% fault CV%MinMaxMinMaxDirect CompressionLactose1691641732.952.361.7Direct CompressionCalcium Phosphate1461411483.421.361.5Wet MassingLactosePVP122 cxx1251.632.451.4Wet MassingCalcium PhosphatePVP1751721791.712.201.2Wet MassingLactoseKlucel1181161191.690.840.9Wet MassingCalcium PhosphateKlucel1491421544.693.352.88Thus by the help of the above table 4.1 it can be clearly seen that all the tablets produced by different processes, different binders and different excipients are within the percentage max and min error show reputes below 6% of CV% thus all of them have passed the weight uniformity test.Different BindersBinders are the substances which are added either dry or in wet- form to form granules or to form cohesive compacts for directly compressed tablets.An ideal binder should have good binding properties, as pertinacious by compressibility under mash, full(prenominal) plasticity, low elasticity and small particle size. Small particle size facilitates even distribution of the binder by dint of the inter-particulate void spaces in a tablet. Uniform binder distribution in the tablet results in decreased pore structure and subsequent enhancement in tablet crushing strength. To reduce friability, a binder with highly plastic properties (high deformability) is essential. A further requirement for a good binder is low hygroscopicity. profuse uptake of moisture (greater than 5 percent) or high moisture content can lead to instability and sticking during production (Summers, 2002)There are many excipients used as binders in the direct compression these include hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC), methylcellulose (MC), povidone (PVP), hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC), and starches and their derivatives, such as pregelatinized and granulated starches. These polymers differ in their physico-chemical, mechanical and morphological characteristics. For direct compression, studies call down highly compactable, plastic, fine particle size binders facilitate compression of drugs at relatively low filler-to-drug ratios, therefore representing ideal properties for tablet binders(Summers, 2002)The two different binders that were used in this lab were PVP Klucel XPF. In order to study the effects of different binders the following two public figures will be used. Fig one represents the friability disintegration time Vs Hardness for tablets produced by wet massing with PVP as a binder and Lactose as a filler.Fig 4.1) Shows kind between friability, hardness disintegration time for tablet produced by the process (wet massing) , excipient (Lactose) binder (PVP)Friability 1.05 %Hardness 3.75 KpDisintegration cadence 2.12 denary minsThe above figure represents the friability, Disintegration time and Hradness for a tablet produced the process of wet massing in the presence of milk sugar (as an excipient) and PVP as a binder. The abide by of friability as percentage drops from 2% to about 0.75 % as the hardness increases. This is because as friability is the ability to form fines or fragments of the original tablet and since the hardness of the tablet is increasingtherefore consequently less atomization of the tablet would occur/ take place. On the other hand however the values for disintegration time augments from 0 to 4.5 with an increase in the value of hardness. This is due to the fact that compacts develop mechanical strength by creation of a surface bonding area between particles. This is mainly achieved by irreversible particle deformation that flattens initial asperity. The decrease of particle surface roughness enables molecular forces to act. Thus, the indentation hardness can be considered as that portion of the compression pressure that contr ibutes to the formation of interparticulate contacts. Accordingly (Hiestand, 2000) proposed the tablet hardness to correspond to the magnitude of the bonding active compression pressure considering these arguments for the strengthening mechanism of tablets, the direct link between hardness and bonding points seems to be a reasonable theoretical approach.Fig 4.2) Shows relationship between friability, hardness disintegration time for tablet produced by the process (wet massing) , excipient (Lactose) binder (Klucel)Optimum Hardness 6.5 KpOptimum Friability 2.70%Optimum Disintegration Time 3.45 (time/ ten-fold mins)The above figure represents the friability, Disintegration time and Hardness for a tablet produced the process of wet massing in the presence of milk sugar (as an excipient) and Klucel as a binder. From the above figure 4.2 it can be seen that with increased hardness of the tablet the value of the friability drops down. Whereas a direct relationship can be seen between t he hardness and disintegration time.Comparing the above two fig 4.1 and 4.2 , it can be seen that fig 4.2 has an optimum hardness value of 6.5 whereas that for fig 4.1 has a hardness value of 3.75 .In a similar fashion there is a residual in the values of optimum disintegration time too with fig 4.2 showing higher disintegration time in equality to that showed by fig 4.1.This difference in the optimum hardness value is due to the difference of binders. From the obtained results it can be seen that using Klucel results in optimum hardness much high in relation to when PVP is used. But the value for optimum friability is less i.e 1.05% when PVP is used in comparison to Klucel (friability value is 2.70%). In a similar fashion the values for disintegration time is less for tablets produced by PVP whereas it is high for tablets produced by Klucel . Hence from the results obtained above the PVP seems to be a superior binder in comparison to Klucel in terms of lower friability and less disintegration time period.Fig 4.3) Shows relationship between friability, hardness disintegration time for tablet produced by the process (wet massing) , excipient (Calcium Phosphate ) binder (PVP)Optimum Hardness 5.8 KpOptimum Friability 0.78%Optimum Disintegration Time 0.38 (time/ decimal mins)Fig 4.4) Shows relationship between friability, hardness disintegration time for tablet produced by the process (wet massing) , excipient (Calcium Phosphate ) binder (Klucel)Optimum Hardness 1.4 KpOptimum Friability 0%Optimum Disintegration Time 0.2 (time/ decimal mins)From fig 4.4 it can be seen that the friability behaves quite unexpectedly with increasing hardness. Normally with the tablets, the increase of compression force causes a reduction of friability. The value of friability falls down from 2.75 % to 0 but then starts to rise again as the hardness augments to 5 Kp. One of the possible explanation for this way could be due to the fact that When the compression force increase s, the particles deform plastically and the tablets become harder and less friable But at higher compression forces the friability of the tablets seemed to increase again although the crushing strength remain stable. This could be explained by some fragmentation of the system.Thus again by the help of the above two fig 4.3 and 4.8 it can be clearly seen that the results obtained in this comparison case are opposite to the results obtained by the help of the fig 4.1 4.2. PVP yielded tablets which have higher optimum hardness in comparison to those produced by Klucel. A similar case is with friability and disintegration time too. Thus in this case Klucel stands out to be a superior binder (with respect to low friability and disintegration value).However literarure (Ahmed, 2000) shows that K90 grade for PVP used in this lab (more viscous in comparison to that of Klucel) should produce harder granules. Furthermore using a high grade for PVP the like K90 , which is highly viscous, woul d result in higher dissolution time and hence high disintegration time, which would also consequence in the production of harder tablets. Thus the harder the tablet are the lower friability they would have. Klucel on other hand is less viscous, therefore is will produce softer granules hence softer tablets (therefore low disintegration time and high friability of the tablets will be observed)But this case is not entirely true in all circumstances, as it depends on the grades of the binders used.For example some (Summers, 2002) shows that some grades of Klucel exhibits a unique combination of thermoplasticity with organic solvent or aqueous solubility, allowing strong tablet preparation using many different formulation techniques. Furthermore a tougher binder with a high degree of plastic flow provides infract friability performance. In addition, such binder characteristics allow a tableting process to run at a higher compaction speed without capping process.Beyond extraordinary tablet hardness and friability, benefits of tableting with Klucel include Lower compression and ejection forces and Reduction or elimination of tablet capping.On top of this (Boyle) also shows that Klucel can be used at lower use levels to yield superior tablets, compared to tablets with higher binders levels of HPMC, MC, PVP (Grade K 70) and pre-gelatinized starch.(Aqualon) also stated that High-dose acetaminophen formulations using lower levels of poorer binder like PVP (K70) resulted in poorer formulations due to capping. Furthermore, Klucel (Low Grade) has low viscosity due to which it has much lower (almost twice less) the dissolution time in comparison to that for PVP (grade K70). This has a direct conflict on disintegration. Thus the lower the dissolution time is, the faster it will disintegrate (hence will show fast effect) (Marinelli, 2009)Different ExcipientsIn this lab only two different types of excipients were used i.e Lactose and Calcium PhosphateFig 4.5) Shows relati onship between friability, hardness disintegration time for tablet produced by the process (wet massing) , excipient (Lactose) binder (PVP)Optimum Hardness 3.78KpOptimum Friability 1.1 %Optimum Disintegration Time 2.15 (time/ decimal mins)Fig 4.6) Shows relationship between friability, hardness disintegration time for tablet produced by the process (wet massing) , excipient (Calcium Phosphate ) binder (PVP)Optimum Hardness 5.80 KpOptimum Friability 0.78%Optimum Disintegration Time 0.38 (time/ decimal mins)By the help of the fig 4.5 and 4.6 it can be clearly seen that the value of optimum hardness (for lactose) 3.78 Kp is quite low in comparison to the value of optimum hardness 5.80Kp for tablets which had calcium inorganic orthophosphate as main excipient. However the same figures also show that lactose has a higher value for friability (1.1%) and disintegration time (2.15 decimal min) in comparison to those showed by calcium phosphate. (Friability 0.78%) and disintegration (0 .38 time decimal mins). This difference is due to the fact that lactose is more compressible than calcium phosphate and hence requires less amount of compressible force (as this is what the obtained data suggests). However in real time it has been proposed by (Marinelli, 2009) that calcium phosphate has higher niggardness, hence higher compressibility. Therefore in such a case low compression weight would be required to produce hard tablets with less friability. Whereas in case of lactose it has been suggested that it has lower tapped density hence poor compressibility. This suggests that at lower pressures it will be elastic and therefore a higher compression weight will be required to produce hard tablets with lesser/lower friability.Fig 4.7) Shows relationship between friability, hardness disintegration time for tablet produced by the process (wet massing) , excipient (Lactose) binder (Klucel)Optimum Hardness 6.5 KpOptimum Friability 2.70%Optimum Disintegration Time 3.45 (time / decimal mins)Fig 4.8) Shows relationship between friability, hardness disintegration time for tablet produced by the process (wet massing) , excipient (calcium phosphate) binder (Klucel)Optimum Hardness 1.4 KpOptimum Friability 0%Optimum Disintegration Time 0.2 (time/ decimal mins)Thus by the help of the figures 4.7 and 4.8 it can be seen that the results obtained for lactose and calcium phosphate are opposite to the results obtained in figures 4.5 and 4.6. Fig 4.7 and 4.8 show that tablets produced using lactose had high optimum hardness to those produced by calcium phosphate. In a similar fashion the values for friability and disintegration time for tablets produced using lactose were high in comparison to those produced by calcium phosphate.However literature (Marinelli, 2009) suggests that lactose is also more water soluble than calcium phosphate therefore it will dissolve and provide a pathway for diffusion of drug and erosion of matrix, leading to a faster (lower dinintegr ation time) release of drug from matrix tablets (in comparison to calcium phosphate).Different ProcessessThe two different sets of processes used in this lab were direct compression and wet massingFig 4.9) Shows relationship between friability, hardness disintegration time for tablet produced by the process (wet massing) , excipient (Lactose) binder (PVP)Optimum Hardness 3.78 KpOptimum Friability 1.1 %Optimum Disintegration Time 2.15 (time/ decimal mins)Fig 4.10 ) Shows relationship between friability, hardness disintegration time for tablet produced by the process (Direct Compression) excipient (Lactose)Optimum Hardness 3.00 KpOptimum Friability 0.480 %Optimum Disintegration Time 0.15 (time/ decimal mins)Thus by the help of the figure 4.8 and 4.9 it can be clearly seen that tablets produced by direct compression show lower optimum hardness, lower value for friability and lower value for disintegration time. Wet massing on the other hand results in tablets formed with high optim um hardness value, high friability value and high disintegration time. It is also worth mentioning at this stage that direct compression process required DC lactose and calcium phosphate of higher grades (Direct compression formulations require good flow in order to maintain proper weight uniformity) whereas low grade regular lactose and calcium phosphate were used for wet massing (during wet massing low grade excipients were used however the granules produced could have been affected by sieving)With regards to wet massing, it is generally agreed that there will exist an optimum range of granule sizes for a particular formulation, and therefore certain generalizations are worthy to note here. Within limits, smaller granules will lead to higher and more uniform tablet weight and higher tablet crushing strength, with subsequent longer disintegration time and reduced friability. The strength of granules has also been shown to influence the tensile strength of the tablets prepared from them, with stronger granules leading, in general to harder tablets (Marinelli, 2009).Conclusion Fianlly to sum up everything, it was seen in this lab that all the set of tablets produced (hard, soft medium) via different processes or by different excipients or binders , all of them passed the uniformity of weight test. Concerning binders, in this lab PVP seem to stand superior to Klucel (however this might not ever be the case). Regarding excipients both lactose and calcium phosphate could be used. As , calcium phosphate has higher density, hence higher compressibility. Therefore in such a case low compression weight would be required to produce hard tablets with less friability. Whereas in case of lactose it has lower tapped density hence poor compressibility. This suggests that at lower pressures it will be elastic and therefore a higher compression weight will be required to produce hard tablets with lesser/lower friability. Lastly , both DC and wet massing were used to produce tablets however tablets produced by DC had shorter disintegration time in comparison to those produced by wet massing.

Challenges of Strategic Human Resource Management

Ch wholeenges of Strategic gay imagination ManagementStrategic world Resource Management is related between strategical caution and HRM. SHRM is intended to become decisions organizations employees important works of its business strategy. It charges the general dash of an organizations hope to achieving objectives through its battalion. SHRM is run for long confines issues of the large number in business. It is similarly connected to the organizations anatomical mental synthesis and its culture, requirements of future business. Its performance give the axe change the total management.Strategic valet resource management emphases on homo resource programme of Nokia that has long term objectives. It is focussinging on internal tender resource issues as well as on addressing and solving problems that effect management programs in the long term. So the master(prenominal) goal of strategic human resources is to boost employee productivity by focusing on business resis tance that take place outside of human resources.SHRM of Nokia employs strategies that help to develop the business performance of Nokia and help an environment of modernism and flexibility among employees. The main actions of Head of SHRM Juha Akras ar to identify key HR beas where strategies keister be implemented in the long run of progress the overall employee motivation and productivity.SHRM also describe about the telephoners internal strengths and flunkes. This is very important as the strengths and weaknesses of a companys human resources that perk up a straight effect on the companys future.1.2 The conclusion of Strategic Human Resource Management activities of NokiaSHRM has a unique purpose to border the companys objectives. Different company has different strategy and SHRM plays a role to identify the overall need for the company to achieve the company goal. The SHRM activities be as follows for Nokia and it has a great purpose for companys future1.2.1Resource i ntend Resources are very important and should accessible to get together present and latent business requirements in favour of business insurance policy. Nokia Resource planning directed executive or global and part or narrow administration which is make by SHRM of Nokia. Particularly, quick workers or real apprenticeship schemes must be used.1.2.3 Workforce planning and recruiting Workforce planning is the phylogeny of assessing a companys current and future human resources postulate. Workforce planning also includes managing any training and recruitment process to eviscerate sure the organisation has the exact staff inexact place. Nokia work force planning has a great purpose to properly express one way to make a workforce receptive to cross functional, Cross-cultural teaming that can therefore make fast, high-quality decisions and join on the organizations flexibility.1.2.4 Performance management Nokia SHRM has a system to run employee performance. It ensures individual objectives are copied from company strategy and policies. This is for motivate Nokias employee.1.2.5 Recruiting and exit procedures Nokia SHRM makes sure the capable and answer persons are appointed to open positions, according to real need. The dealers check the quality of candidates. SHRM provided with a work contract or offer letter, basic or peculiar(prenominal) training. SHRM shall ensure that exit procedures are acquiescent with local legislation, international labour law and appropriate gather inive agreements.1.2.6 Nokia specific training and certification Nokia SHRM has the essential focussing on Nokias organization and product securities industrying, if required any compulsory Id or certificates to be trained the community procedure of engaging multicultural, multi- commonwealth employees in generating and agreeing on a set of values and to search and get deeper considerate of the relationships between strategy, culture, values and business outcomes.1.3. Contribution of Strategic Human Resource Management to the achievement of Nokias organizational objectives.To continue a strong, booming and well-organized atmosphere Nokia connects with its workforce in the core target to make an situation for all its workers anywhere they can fulfil their prospective.1.3.1 guild growth Nokia expands their business in regularly basis with parvenue innovations and ideas. That is why Nokia needs lot of skill and experienced persons to meet their business growth. For example Nokias investigate Development work was spread crosswise in 69 web and its 19,579 technical expertises to activate and build up their own facts. In these situations Human Resource played a vital role. It recruits them and trainedthem in specific way to success in this project. Nokia is operating their business all over the world and so the human resource providing a socio cultural environment to its employee relationship and workplace.1.3.2 Profit increasing Every company is profit orient ed. They want to increase their profit in every aspect. Nokia is also increasing profit very successfully by making new ideas implementations. Human resource has a effective involve to increase their profit by reducing labour hail and another(prenominal) activities. Human resources is the organization of resources other than natural resources and capital resources.1.3.3 Satisfaction of Stakeholders Human Resource of Nokia always try to satisfy its Stakeholders like its employees, investors, suppliers and others. It has an member of staff approval training and employee judgment assignment and can get achievement on the grades of the training. It makes sure that nurture related to employees much(prenominal) as industry performance, communicated crossways the society and ensure performance is evaluated fairly and independently.HR of Nokia provide to dealer forces at Nokia helpers.Task 2Human Resources Planning2.1 lineage factors of Coca-Cola that underpin human resource planning Human resources are the people that work for an organisation, and Human Resource Management is concerned with how these people are managed. Though, the term of HRM has come to mean more than this because people are different from the other resources that work for an organisation.Coca-Cola Human Resource department involves in company strategic planning in divers(a) way. When it makes human resource plan there is involve company business factor and external environment factor.2.1.1 Business Growth Coca-Cola is a leading beverage company. It increases its business all over the world in every year in different way. So needs lot of staff to meet this incensement of business. Human resources planning takes its stipulation forecasting future manpower requirements, where using arithmetical view to plan growth in the monetary situation and expansion of the business.2.1.2Business Change Coca cola change their business plan strategy sometimes very frequently in consideration of economic, ma rket variation, competitor and other relative factors. Human resource of Coca-Cola also takes such consideration when it plans in a long term basis.2.1.3 Impact of engine room In every certain time all over the world modern technology is invented. Coca-Cola always takes it a challenge when they make a Human resource plan. HR is considered to its existence employee and recruits skilful employee to meet this challenge successfully.2.1.4 Business Competition There is a huge competition of all over the world. In this competition rivalry making efficient the organization is a real challenge. Coca-Cola Human resource plan think about this competition and make it organization to fit in this situation.2.1.5 Labour Cost Control Coca-Cola Human resource planning includes in a wide way about Labour cost control by maintain waste of time, proper use of materials. Its Human resource always approach training programme to its exertions stuff to make digression and make them skilful as they can work fast and more easily. Not only its taking consideration for planning or developing its production stuff it also concentrates itsIT specialists.Engineers.Project SpecialistProduct designerExecutives.Admin stuffOther variations should take for consideration new legislations like new health requirements, rubber eraser requirements, Changes in government policies like tax tariff, labour demand and supply.2.2 Human resource requirements in a given situationAccording to the New York measure July, 2009 Coca-Cola market was slipped in U.S. market but Coca-Cola still the best carbonate cola. In this situation there was 60% market share was Coca-Cola. Generally its market share relay between 75%-85% in U.S market. In this situation Coca- Cola surveyed their market and find out the barrier and solved it by various planning implementation. Besides the other department Human Resource Management played a vital role to recover the market as well. In Such sorting of situation Human Resource makes sure several things that are as follows2.2.1 Personal Requirement HR forget ar honk the execution teams and then give exact point to its members. According to the size of industry and the involvedness of the operation, might also need to create sub teams. The following points provide options HR might consider in regard to managing some important issuesLet to know and familiar with the specific operations .Special training is given to employees new employees also are placed with old ones to learn work and the values prevalent in the company.2.2.2 Workplace They must provide sufficient working berth to per employee. The temperature must be reasonable. The workplace must be adequately lit and where the work can be done seated seats must be provided. Human resource management makes sure shape up an comprehensive atmosphere that inspire all workforce to build up and get to their complete possible, consistent with a promise of human castigates in our place of work.2.2.3 Organ izing operation teams SHRM give help to make a team of talent in safety way also serve up as influential of secondary teams. Team members have to have such skills that are valuable according to the requirements.2.3 Development a human resources plan Coca-ColaThe Human Resource Plan should also be closely tied to strategic planning.In order to effectively meet their strategic goals and objectives, a world leading company, hire or develop staff with the required skills, knowledge and attitudes to perform the needed functions.The Human Resource Plan of Coca-Cola can be completed in six ill-treats2.3.1 Step 1 Setup a big picture The main purpose of the first step is to bring the group to realize the meaning of and the need for a business strategy and agenda of Coca-Cola. To understand the business strategy the specific department executives will run a workshop and it can be two days workshop.In this two-day workshop the business unit executive reviews business strategy in any issues t o impact the business. HR highlights the key driving forces of business such as Technology, distribution, competition, the markets etc and also the implications of the driving forces for the people side of business the primaeval people contribution to bottom line business performance.2.3.2Step 2 Develop a Mission Statement or Statement of Intent This come up to human resources planning mirrors the section in business plan of Coca-Cola dedicated to clearing up why your company exists and what value it presents. Human resources planning will be based on your organizations mission statement, goals and objectives because your workforce will be in alignment with the company values.2.3.3 Step 3 Conduct a SWOT synopsis of the organization This analysis will looks at the internal environment of company. By this analysis the human resource will find out what is Coca-Colas present strengths and what is weakness as well as current in future opportunity and threats to know the whether they ab le to achieve with the current human resources. SWOT analysis will ensure the clear image about the organisation resources such as capital worker.2.3.4Step 4 Develop consequences and solutions Human resource will amalgamate all essential for meeting the company objectives. It will take steps for developing the Human Resource Plan as belowTeamwork of staff to lower levels to the management level should be developed to support in various ways that able to consider necessary in things to build up communication and promote collapse relationship among all level of employee. The management should emphasize on estimable quality of corporate culture to build up employees and make a positive and favourable work environment.The reasonable and complete process of human resource management is Performance appraisal. Through the performance evaluation HRM can collect and proves basics for recruiting and selecting new staff and can give training to its existing staff to develop their skill. It is motivate and maintain a work force by satisfactorily and correctly rewarding their dedications. Human Resources Management will defiantly fall down without a dependable performance evaluation system.2.3.5 Step 5 Implementation and evaluation of the action plans Developing a human resource strategys main purpose is to make sure that the objectives set are similarly accommodative so that the reward and payment systems are incorporated with employee training and career development plans.2.4 Evaluation of how a human resources plan can contribute to meet Coca-Colas objectivesHuman Resource Plan has a great value to achieve of an organisations overall strategic objectives and it is clearly explain that the human resources role completely understands and supports the travel guidebook in which the organisation is touching. A complete HR plan will also support other exact strategic objectives undertaken by the marketing, financial, functioning and technology departments.Generally Coca- Cola evaluates its HR plan in various ways which are belowIt has the exact people in exact place.It has the accurate combination of skills.Employees make their correct attitudes and behaviours.Employees are organized in a effective way.Coca-Cola take decision a HR strategy plan can attach splendour to the organisation if it has the values which are belowSome more clear of the common things which recline at the back the success of other plans and strategies which didnt show previously. cognise basic an essential issue which has to be addressed to its people as the are motivated more dedicated and work successfully.The next area should be includingWorkforce planning issuesMaking plan successful.Workforce skills campaign.Employment justice plans.Motivation and reasonable behaviour issues.Recruitment design in compensate levels, go forward and motivate peopleA reasonable grading and payment system which is serving proper incentive for dedications.A constant performance management str ucture which is considered to assemble the requirements of all sectors of the business including its people.Furthermore, the HR strategy of Coca-Cola can put in worth is by making sure that, in all its other plans takes its version of and plans for changes in the bigger environment, those are likely to have a major impact such asChanges in the in general service marketplace.Development of the member of staff relations weather is need.Changes the legal framework which surrounding employment.3.1 Explanation the purpose of human resource management policies of Coca-ColaCoca-Cola believes in delivering better performance requirements better capabilities. So its HR policy is planned in procession with this approach and stand on attracting and retaining the brilliant people and developing them constantly.Employees development is the main issues for human resource management. It constantly educated on How to Develop People. Employees, business objectives and ability levels are followed up by the performance management.Reward system and career management systems are considered on job family model. As a fraction of career management system, internal appointment procedure is used so as to grant them career and job upgrading opportunities. In 2007 there are 97 placement have been filled through internal assignments.Winning and potential employees are reviewed efficiently and exclusively. Talent re-evaluate meetings are planned for next steps with individualized development programs.3.2 Analysing the impact of regulatory requirements on human resource policies of Coca-ColaThe HR policies can help an organization both internally and externally. It meets requirements for diversity, ethics and training as well as its commitments in relative to instruction and commercial governance. The HR policy of Coca-cola establishes a cultural diversity. HR policies also played a very effective at supporting and building the desired organizational culture.These are lots of system and tha t actually beneficiary from a company as well as from employee. All around the world, Coca-cola makes sure with 27000 of Expatriates that they be given the kind of correspondence and ongoing support that makes their replacement a positive experience. Coca-Cola team Management with all policies for international mobility with a long term basis.Coca-cola accepted such kind of policies about its internal environment that make sure that they are flexible, smart and complete enough on the way to contract with the large range of needs and issues that is very essential to run a business successfully.Task 3 Reviewing Human Resource Management4.1 The impact of an organisational structure on the management of human resourcesThere is a significant impact of HRM of Tesco on organizational structures to get nearer into sight organization in a effective way. The fundamental decision-making scheme was unsuccessful to react quickly to managers desires and concerns. So, Tesco taking place scrapping conservative, hierarchical professional structures in act of kindness of compliment, decentralized management systems. Then smaller number managers were concerned in the decision-making process and companies were adopting more of a team advance to management. HRM professionals, as the management change and were charged with reorganizing workers and escalating their effectiveness. This hard work also resulted in the detonation of part-time, or contract, employees, which necessary human resource strategies that contrasted with those applicable to full time workers.4.2 Analysing the impact of an organisational culture on the management of human resources organizational culture and environment factors are such kind of factor where an organization exist determines the way of managing the organization (Saffold, 1988547). The connection between organizational culture and human resources shapes can be say as follows.When the member of organization i.e. employees, understand and internaliz ed the organzational culture which can be said as the way things are done around here it will enable for employee to choose strategy, and behavior that fit with their personality as well as with the main routines of organization activities.Since Indonesia is belong to country with high power distance and low uncertainty avoidance, it is likely that organizational culture that fit with this condition is parochial type. Parochial culture is characterized by the tendecy to give much attention to some factor such as family relationship, social relation, and personal backgroud, and little attention to capability and competency needed to perform the task.The main power is on the one hand, a powerful person such as the owner or the founder of the company, where the destiny of an employee depends on the hand of the well-nigh powerfull person (the boss). There is a division of work, the boss is the planner, the other are the doer. In the high power distance society, good leader or good man ager in the eye of the employees, is someone who can act like a good father (Hofstede, 1997). This type of relationship will lead to less participative management in decision making.4.3 The effectiveness of human resources management is monitored at TescoThe central point on HR for developing the employees through constant article of belief is essential to the achievement of the business it would amount to a waste of resources. As the UKs largest merchant crossways 14 countries consists of 470,000 members of staff.4.3.1 Value These apply together to consumers and employees, and for the latter focus on teamwork, trust and respect, listening, supporting and saying thank you, and sharing knowledge and experience.4.3.2 Support Tesco can claim a perpetual support from the employees even though the company faces a dispute concerning the distraction that includes financial services. The company also stretched internationally and economic downturn is enough to keep the companys values.4.3. 3 Growth The Tescos HR functions are extremely entrenched. They are doing type to both short-term and longer term growth. The company is created 11,000 new jobs in 2009 and they will target the long-term unemployed.4.3.4 Meritocracy Tesco boasts the best employee recompense package in the food retail sector, with an award-winning pension scheme. Some 170,000 staff own shares or are members of share schemes, and there is discounted dental, health and sustenance insurance on offer.4.4 Justified recommendations to improve the effectiveness of human resources management in Tesco4.4.1 Composition of the audit team There has to be a vox from the HR function and from among senior line managers if the effect has to have any credibility.4.4.2Identify the functions main customers It is important to review to measure that what customers main functions are.4.4.3 Mission reports reconsider This proclamation explains the cause for the HR functions continuation, its principal actions and its m ost important values.4.4.4 Reconsider the activities role in implementing the companys strategy This is critical point to establishing the connection between HR policy and practices as well as the organizations overall business strategy.4.4.5 Reconsider the HR policy and practices The benefit of this approach is that line managers can go anywhere if they are not happy with the service they be given from the HR function within the organization.4.4.6 Create domestic comparison to set up best practice The organization have to make and continually keep posted a exclusive database of HR practices that gives an overview of developments within the worlds major organizations today.4.4.7Review the outcome of analysis Performance gaps have to be identified and the policy implications have to be discussed with the customer. The commitment for implementing the necessary improvements should be gained.4.4.8 Apply the decided improvements The metrics selected should be the decided on right indicat ors of the HR functions performance and evaluate the results with industry averages, competitors, best practice firms, and/or with set targets or previous performance ratings.

The Scope Of The E Business

The Scope Of The E BusinessThe electronic headache, and talks about alike(p) electronic Business or e- ancestry house be defined as knowledge and intercourse technologies (ICT) to support all in all the stinting activities. The commerce is the interchange of products and services mingled with the companies and you tin see the groups and the individuals, like bingle of the basic activities in some(prenominal) business. Electronic business and centers in the use of the ICT to allow the external activities, and labor transaction with the individuals, the groups and other companies.The profit It creates or no, and the creation of the later take term off of the way of the profits in 1969, during the cold war of the military of the United States. It was supposed to be communications network of the nuclear-test Today, the profits is separating by e precisebody, and consists of networks and the countless computers, allowing that million people interchange the information. It is the transference of the data transmitted on long distances in the profits in the big lines known collectively as the spine the lucre. And now the Internet of suppliers of important services of the Internet such as WorldCom and MCI, Sprint is hold and, GTE, Ameri rump National Standard, and UUNET. Because these suppliers do enormous amounts of yield of the Internet, and are motivated to maintain constant and fast the communication, that will benefit to the users from the daily Internet like you and me.World coarse Web A system for Internet that supports the coordination of special memorials. Formatted documents in an increase in the charge language work been called HTML (Hypertext give chase up Language) the language of the increase in the price of the hypertext that connections to other documents, as well up as supports graph, audio and video turn ons. This means we jump of one document to a nonher simply by on hot spotting to click. Not all weather vane serversA part of the World Wide forms sack up.There its antithetical applications to have called browsers of the web which it easy turning access into the World Wide Web two of most popular Firefox and Microsoft Internet Explorer are.World Wide Web is not synonymous with InternetExtranet Uses networks and Internet-protocols are the extranet private link network. Be possible on company are found intranet as part of external network that is extended to users outside the company, and usually by means of Internet. Such as other companies (between companies and matter, B2B) described at treating a selected group, in heating plant insulation of already other Internet the users examined Internet as a means. On the one hand, the communication with users is known by the consumer and has been known the company empyrean and (B2C) the models of the consumer involving servers and one or much of the companies.E-business and e-commerce in 1997 IBM (www.ibm.com/e-business) to use the term to promote its servi ces was one of the first suppliersE-business (ebizNis) -through the use of Internet technologies the transformation of key business processes .E-commerce (electronic commerce or EC) is the buying and deal outing of slap-ups and services on the Internet.Some Differences between B2B and B2C E-Commerceo B2C for each of the goods sold flat rate retail price it offer spot sourcing contract management.o B2B transaction to establish the price based it involves negotiation terms on which other factors for example carrier, warranty coverage, logistics preferences and volume-based price etc. will be decided.o B2C the business to spend on expensive, extensive infrastructure it does not require.o B2B requires in integrating the systems of the organization commodious amounts to be involved in spent the process as well as those of its business partners that made time consuming, raising many questions about aegis and expensive etc.o B2C e-commerce employ defined profiles and email promotions fair(a) involves.o B2B e-commerce studying order register data it guides the involvement of mixed issues, for example locations, the preferences of trading partners, catch up withment records etc.Between B2B and business-to-consumer e-commerce these are hardly some of the main differences.There are companies that offer services as well as products to help run business successfully.1.2. Benefits When we access internet we find so many sites on it. When we open it we also get some utile information about the topic. Through website we stool do shopping, marketing, sales, advertise, business, etc. the list is endless. For giving and getting information on a large scale just puzzle out a website and a reliable hosting company for our self. Sometimes it is expensive but sometimes it is not so, this is because if we get a good host that offers us good services and keep our website updated according to its and market need, is not a venture of loss.Knowledge of ProductsWe can now in crease our business not altogether determining the local market but the internationalistic market too for improving the growth of your business with no difficulty. By following this website business we can definitely change the way and nature of your business. We can also stretch or make more elastic diversity of your products to millions of our unknown site users. We can allow our products to be in view for all the time on net. Through website we can extend our business hours for selling and purchasing of goods.Freedom of having Website We can put any information on our site at any time of the day in order to be viewed by the internet surfers and your website users. We can change or add the information according to our numbers of time in a day. Through internet we can browse any business site and can expand our business to those you do not know. Through increased internet users our business can develop and attain growth on net. On net you face even more intriguing market and com panies with hundred million of customers at this new market place without making us worried.Low cost AdvantageBeing on net we have to be more aware for the growth of your business by applying new challenging tactics that can be useful for us to remain in competition. We can increase our business by advertising our products and services without spending a large amount and time loss activities on printing and dispersion. We get a higher value added cost for our product as the market is international and expanded one as compared to the local city market with only handful of customers. We can also add the speediness of ecommerce for our site users and customers. Through this facility our old customer and our prospective customer can place order and purchase our products with the services we offer them online. We can reduce the expenses like telephone calls, distribution costs, printing etc and also by increasing some hi-tech facilities like emails, promotion of your product through we bsite, with extended business hours without our presence and we can confide out your less promotional product with a small cost plan.Nature of e-businessIn e-business again on the subject of trust, Daughtrey (2001) refers to the conditions of consumers expect purchasing from the Internet or when conducting business withGeneralised perception of supplier or reputation.Confidentiality and privacy, security for Customer expectations.Supplier provided by Assurances for example guarantees.Other customers reports. For example a history of prior transactions If the customer has, additional factors may beOrder fulfilment accuracy.Order fulfilment Timeliness.With customer relations Nature of any interactions. each disputes Resolution.From the supplier Subsequent communications.With whom customer information was shared any communications from other suppliers.1.3. Nature of e-business communicationMassMass communicationcommunicationcommunication refers to the process of transferring or transm itting a nitty-gritty to a large group of people. Typically, this requires the use of some form of the media, including newspapers, television and the internet.Personal communication begins when two people are aware of each other. You dont need to know each others name, even dont need to talk. When two persons eyes meet, and two people realize there is a person right there. The communication has just begun.internet communication Purely internal or intranet mail systems, where the information never leaves the corporate or organizations network, are much more secure, although in any organization there will be IT and other personnel whose job may involve monitoring, and occasionally accessing, the e-mail of other employees not addressed to them.2. How the internet works2.1. How messages are transferred across the InternetInternet technology The transfer encoding scheme that is used to transfer messages comprising strings of 8-bit bytes. With the aid of a time sequence diagram, use the list of FTP command and reply messages to show a typical exchange of messages to carry out the transfer of a named file from the file system on a server to the file system on a client.2.2. Introduction to HTMLHTML is a language for describing web pages.HTML stands for Hyper Text Mark-up Language.HTML is not a programming language it is a mark-up language.A mark-up language is a set of mark-up tags.HTML uses mark-up tags to describe web pages.Clients, servers and browsers Client-server model of the customer of fact processing is the structure of the application of the distribution of tasks which the sections or the workload between service providers, frequently communicate serve called servers, and the student, and called customers and the customers and the servers concerning a computer network on separate hardware, but both the customer has a server who in the system himself it is established. The machine of the server is the host who puts one or more of the server software in func tioning these resources with customers shares. The customer must share none of their resources, but the functionality of the service requests the server for the contents or. And informant then with meetings with customers connects servers who (listening) the received registrations wait.Supplies, and expresses it to win web browser and the application of information resources on the World Wide.2.3. Intranets and extranetsThe intranet is an information portal that specific for small and internal communication means or large ventures, companies and governments, the industries, financial institutions is devised of any size or complexityExtranets, slightly same as the intranet. External networks are devised the state specifically, and contain entrance to some files of the computer systems to give which we have hadSome large customers or privileges,Specific the industry partners,Suppliers and subcontractors Etc.E-business modelsThe fivesome business models the different shipway in whi ch the internet may be used to hold revenue by supporting the sale of a product, or service for example CDs, flights preparation electronic information, or media services for example reports or music charging per transaction for the provision of a service for example airline booking charging a subscription for an information service for example news advertising revenue, from an attractive websitethe internet can be used for selling a product, or service1. To a good place start is in the auction site on Internet. There are a lot of sales by auction which on Internet are specialised and unspecialised auctions that examine on Internet can be found.2. A lot of service providers of Internet and web folders of research engines the plaza of Classifieds which can be used to solicit to other agencies on Internet to sell.3. Found on the bulletin Council and the newsgroups which specialise themselves in this point (s) that you tries it reported sell and from to spread out to include your adv ertisement.4. If we maintain an Internet site of the private sector or the homepage, and our point (s) at our place advertises.5. Taking photos everything wants sell you, raises it very the chances of selling them.Differentiate between other business models for generating revenue from the internet Distinction between the other company models to produce turnover of Internet.There five business models1. To enter2. Supplying electronic information3. Charge for each operation4. The levy of prices5. Declaration of incomeWe can continue to the shares by means of Internet or for matter InternetOrIf we or you have any cooperation. Then we can be advertisedOrWe can treat cope control of our work and have during the fact searchAll thanks to the turnovers of Internet.. Revenue from InternetIdentify other uses of the internet which may not generate revenue Several disadvantages can be obtained due to inadequate planning of the e-business strategy. For instance, it could lead to productivity lo sses, including loss of both existing and new staff and economic loss. The absence of an e-business plan may also lead to false starts and personal losses, which can occur as stakeholders become frustrated and disappointed over the oecumenic mission (2002). On the bright side, these losses are avoidable. In support of the creation of an e-business plan.Website design4.1. Elements of a web page that may be used by search enginesHow depend Engines WorkCrawler-based search engine of the thresh about linked on the basis of the evidence that human-drove both they to describe the term of the research Engine it is of frequent use generally. In radically diverse collection of the ways of listings in both types of motors of the search.Crawler-Based Search EnginesCrawler-based search on the basis of the strap linked by an example for example of Google create their own lists automatically. They spider or crawl in the Internet, then the search finds people.The Strap-based motors of the sear ch look for these changes in the end of the day if we had to change to Web pages, and how it is mentioned that can affect to us. The body copy, the titles of the page and other elements all play a role.Human-Powered DirectoriesEvidence of human-powered for an example of the fan out Directory, of the lists, depends on humans. We offer to the directory and a brief description of the entire site, or editors to review sites that you write one. The sponsor of the descriptions of research looks for games only.Hybrid Search EnginesIt used to be in the days on the Internet early on that the search engine lists presented either human-powered or on the basis of the results Crawler. This will be quite common today for both types of results. Typically, one kind of lists on another search engine hybrid will fit. For example, the look of a smart MSN Search is more likely to submit lists of human energy. However, it also displays the results on the basis of creeping, and also for more obscure qu eries.4.2. What makes a website easy for the visitor to use perpetually let the visitor know where they are located in the website.When building a website dont make the user learn the navigation or absorb portentous new ways of doing things in order to access the content. Navigation choices should be available. Visual feedback such as subtle rollovers is often a good sentiment to improve the website to make it easier to the consumer.4.3. Consideration should be taken to make a web page attractive to the visitor consideration should be taken to make a web page attractive to the visitor through Easy navigation, Originality Creativity, Harmony of colours images. (1) Content, Grammatical Spelling Errors. (2)HTML Reasonable loading time, Screen settlement compatibility, (3) Big No Nos No distracting backgrounds, No saturation of advertisements, No poor quality animations, NO HYPE No Background Music, Dont Over-do the Extras.Capital One does not provide financial education system a nd the abundance of information. The only qualm we have with their system is the lack of interactive features and financial instruments. We would like to see something more than just publishing articles cardholder can be made through the face. Education systems of financial tools are very useful because it allows the cardholder additional information about address and money management.We can access your monthly statement, schedule payments online, and check our balance from any internet access around the globe. If we have trouble remembering to pay your bill on time, go to the website and set up an automatic withdrawal from our checking account so that we never miss another payment and never have to worry about late fees accumulating on our card and accruing interest.We did not hassle offered 24 / 7 account access and account alerts for free on the Internet. for each one of these features makes banking easier and less expensive. It would be access 24 / 7 account holder allows mana ge their accounts online from any computer with an Internet connection. Alerts free account is a great tool, which amount to the cardholder if they are approaching the credit limit or if the bill is paid off. By using this feature, you can avoid a lot of fees is not necessary. This is why in my view capital one site is better than this site MBNA.Conclusion the widespread adoption of the internet and the web means that all business can now operate globally, expand the customer base, compete effectively, process orders, payments and deliveries.ReferencesApte, Chindanand, Bing Liu, Edwin P.D. Pednault and Padhraic Smyth (2002) Business Application of Data Mining, Communication of the ACM, 45 AugustBrahm Canzer, 2006, E-business strategic thinking and practice, p-176, published by Charles Hartford.Ravi Kalakota, Marcia Robinson, 2001, E-business 2.0 roadmap for success, pp-44, 47,2nd Ed, published by Pearson education corporate.Retrieved on 10th may 2010 http//ivythesis.typepad.com/term _paper_topics/2009/08/internet-and-e-business.htmlRetrieved on 15th may 2010 www.guardian.co.uk/online website of The Guardian newspaper

Inequality and Coalitions Size Essay -- American History, Revenues

The interrelations of social segregation and Inequality have been largely studied by several authors (Fernndez y Rogerson, 1996 y 1997 Bnabou 1996a y 1996b Gravel y Thoron, 2007 Durlauf, 1996). Nevertheless, the majority of these studies have concentrated in demonstrating the possibility of a segregated equilibrium. This last is understood as the formation of consecutive clubs, ordered in accordance with a variable that represents the social position of the economic agents. In the majority of the studies, this variable is the wealth of the persons or his human capital. The problem with this sort of moulds is that they do not study the effect of the income distribution over the spirit level of segregation. As a result, they cant answer questions like the succeeding(a) the size of the coalitions decrease with the degree of wealth inequality? In a society, the size of the coalitions formed by wealthy agents are bigger than the coalition of the vile ones? This is an important weakness of this type of literature. In effect, the collective interrelation inside coalitions can determine the accumulation of social capital and human capital, and it is well-known that the two are essentials factors in economic development (Benabou, 1996a Glomm y Ravikumar, 1992 Fernndez y Rogerson, 1996 Durlauf, 1996) Some authors as Bnabou (1996th) and Glomm and Ravikumar (1992) compare the economic and distributive outcomes of integrated versus segregated societies. That kind of analysis is relevant to analyze problems such as the benefits and cost of public versus private education. Nevertheless, it is not very useful in analysing other problems as the determinants and the consequences of kind segregation. In this paper, we study t... ...artition. Jehiel and Scotchmer (1997 and 2001) characterise the free mobility equilibrium. However, they do not introduce heterogeneity in the distribution of wealth, and they suppose a very unrealistic proceeds function (linea r). Moreover, their distribution of characteristics of agents is very narrow (uniform). Finally, they have not made the comparative static exercises required to understand the relationship between the heterogeneity of the agents and the degree of social segregation. Most of the models that demonstrate the existence of a consecutive core equilibrium, use super additive and cooperative games. (Greenber y Weber, 1986 Demange, 1982 y 1994). However, this kind of model have two defects. First, although they demonstrate the existence of a consecutive equilibrium, they do not analyze the effect of inequality on the size of coalitions.

rosa parks :: essays research papers

Rosa McCauly Parks was born in Tuskegee, Alabama, in 1913 and grew up on a lessened farm. When her mother had saved enough money to pay for it, Rosa had began to attend a private school when she was 11 years old. But, while she was attending senior high school school, her mother had become ill so she had to quit. After quitting high school, she got a job as a house servant and began sending money cover version to her family. When she married Raymond Parks, she returned to high school and graduated. In 1943 she joined the NAACP and worked to ensure voting rights for blacks. One evening shortly after 500 PM on Thursday, declination 1, 1955 while coming home from work, she boarded a bus and sat down. According to Montgomery law, blacks had to sit in the back of the bus, and give up their seats to whites when they came on the bus. When she was asked to give up her seat, she refused. Immediately, the driver stopped the bus and called two policemen. Mrs. Parks was arrested and taken to jail. Edgar Daniel Nixon, head of the NAACP in Montgomery, posted a $100 bond to land her released. Although Mrs. Parks was not the first black person to get arrested for refusing to give up her seat on the bus, Mr. Nixon decided that she wouldnt be the last. He called a face-off of black leaders to see what action they should take. By the end of the meeting, the leaders agreed to call a one-day boycott of all the city buses for Monday Dec.5. On Monday, the buses began their go through the black neighborhood and came back empty. The boycott was a sucess. They set up the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) and named Martin Luther King Jr., its leader. Rosa Parks went to salute and was charged with violating a 1947 segregation law. She was found guilty and fined $10 plus $4 in court costs.